Exploiting habitats that are often or mostly out of water
required new symbiotic relationships to contain and move water, including the fusion of some fungi and algae to create lichen in communities with bacteria that survive extreme
desiccation on land while breaking down rock into soil, and the association of mycorrhizae fungi and the root tissue of new vascular plants — culminating in trees that pump water high into the air — to exchange mineral nutrients (e.g., phosphorus) and usable «fixed» nitrogen from the atmosphere for photosynthetic products.