Sentences with phrase «designed by abstraction»

The PlayStation versions of Hotline Miami will also have an exclusive new mask designed by Abstraction and Dennaton Games.

The PlayStation versions of Hotline Miami will have an exclusive new mask designed by Abstraction and Dennaton Games which will be Russell, the raging bull.

Not exact matches

In any case, at least the fallacy of simple location, and in part the fallacy of misplaced concreteness, two of Whitehead's most important critical ideas, arise from and are explicitly attributed to Whitehead's reading of and engagement with Bergson's philosophy.17 Indeed, these two critical ideas about failings in the history of philosophy are addressed by both Bergson and Whitehead with the same twofold strategy: (1) a common method designed to minimize the distortion that enters into our metaphysical descriptions while allowing us still to generalize (extensive abstraction); and (2) a common descriptive postulate or tool (the epochal occasion).

Art homework assignment designed to encourage working from observation and then developing towards abstraction and presenting work inspired by Calder's mobiles.

The word author stems from authority, automatically you assume a position by design or abstraction that you should be taken seriously.Stand and deliver show your worth on paper not Just word count, readership is king and platform the altar, minister your product with conviction and the World may become your choir.

1999 AC Project Room, New York, N.Y. Staff USA Gallery «Goldberg, Kamitaki, Beckett» New York, N.Y. Galerie Albrecht Minimal.Emotional» (Goldberg, Hofmann, Mills, Su) Munich, Germany Parsons School of Design Galleries «Drawing in The Present Tense» curated by Roger Shepherd and George Negroponte (catalogue) New York, N.Y. Zeitgeist «Monotypes» (Glenn Goldberg, Will Berry) Nashville, TN 1998 Hill Gallery Birmingham, MI 20th Century Art L.I.C., N.Y. 1997 20th Century Art L.I.C., N.Y. Galerie Albrecht Munich, Germany Rose Art Museum «Works From The Collection» Waltham, MA 1996 Knoedler & Co., New York, N.Y. Hill Gallery, Birmingham, MI 1995 Hill Gallery, Birmingham, MI The Work Space «Wacko» New York, N.Y. Galerie Albrecht «Gosewitz / Goldberg» Munich, Germany Edward Hopper House «Goldberg / Wiley» (videotape) Nyack, N.Y. 1994 Hill Gallery Birmingham, MI The Academy of Arts & Letters «46th Annual Academy Purchase Exhibition» New York, N.Y. Baxter Gallery of Art «Intimate Observation» curated by Jennifer Gross Portland, ME Castle Gallery «Toys / Art / Us» curated by Lori Friedman New Rochelle, N.Y. 1993 New York Studio School «Formative Past: Present Form» New York, N.Y. Galerie Albrecht «Baechler, Goldberg, Hofer, Roiter» Munich, Germany Robert Morrison Gallery «Goldberg, Humphrey, Koorland» New York, N.Y Castelli Gallery «Drawings: Foundation of Contemporary Performance Arts» New York, N.Y. 1992 Germans Van Eyck Gallery «Play Between Fear And Desire» curated by Jennifer Gross New York, N.Y. Rosenthal Fine Art «Glenn Goldberg - Josef Ramaseder» Chicago, IL Angles Gallery «Numbers» Santa Monica, CA David Beitzel Gallery «Paper Houses» New York, N.Y. Betsy Senior Gallery «Goldberg, Mangold, Row, T. Winters» New York, N.Y. Galerie Theuretzbacher «Against The Grain» (catalogue) Vienna, Austria 1991 Bellas Artes Gallery «Masterworks of Contemporary Painting, Sculpture and Drawing: The 1930's to the 1990's» Santa Fe, New Mexico Hill Gallery Birmingham, MI Museum of Contemporary Art «The Scott Spiegel Collection» Los Angeles, CA 1990 Wetterling Gallery (catalogue) Stockholm, Sweden Madison Art Center «Intimate Inventions / Gestural Abstractions» Madison, WI.

«Pose and Sculpture,» curated by Daniel Baumann, Casey Kaplan, New York, NY, June 30 — August 4, 2006 «Two or Three or Something: Maria Lassnig, Liz Larner,» Kunsthaus Graz, February 4 — May 7, 2006 «Whitney Biennial 2006: Day for Night,» Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY, March 2 - May 28, 2006 «Gone Formalism,» Institute of Contemporary Art at the University of Pennsylvania, Pittsburg, January 21 — March 26, 2006 2005 «Extreme Abstraction,» curated by Louis Grachos and Claire Schneider, Albright Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, NY, July 15 — October 2, 2005, catalogue «The The,» curated by Stuart Shave, Modern Art, London, July 8 — August 7, 2005 «The Meeting,» curated by Kathryn Andrews, Center for the Arts of Eagle Rock, Los Angeles, CA, May 27 — July 2, 2005 2004 «Showdown,» curated by Kimberli Meyer and Fritz Haeg, Schindler House, Los Angeles, October 22 — 23, 2004 «Full House,» curated by David Pagel, East Gallery, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, August 16 - September 10, 2004 «100 Artist See God,» curated by John Baldessari and Meg Cranston, The Jewish Museum San Francisco, March 7 — June 27, 2004; Laguna Art Museum, Laguna Beach, CA, July 25 — October 3, 2004; Institute of Contemporary Art, London, England, November 19, 2004 — January 9, 2005; Contemporary Art Center of Virginia, Virginia Beach, Virginia, June 9 — September 4, 2005, catalogue «The Thought that Counts,» curated by Jason Meadows, Sister Gallery, Los Angeles, CA 2003 «Inaugural Exhibition,» Regen Projects, Los Angeles, CA, January 25 - March 8 «Within Hours We Would Be in the Middle of Nowhere,» 303 Gallery, New York, NY, July 19 — August 29, 2003 neugerriemschneider, Berlin, Germany «Popstraction,» curated by Paola Antonelli, curator of Architecture and Design at MOMA and independent curator and writer, Eungie Joo, Deitch Projects, New York, NY, catalogue «Imagination: Perception in Art,» curated by Peter Pakesch and Martin Prinzhorn, Kunsthaus Graz, Graz, Austria, October 25, 2003 — January 18, 2004, catalogue Tanya Bonakdar Gallery, New York, NY, November 20, 2003 — January 10, 2004 2002

All representational or realistic paintings, if they are successful, are carried by these elements, described generally as design or composition, or as an underlying abstraction.

What results is far from twentieth - century abstraction, overly structured by design or else free from intention.

Enhanced by elements of surrealism and abstraction, her oeuvre responds to past forms of conceptualism, current art trends, interior design, and modernist architecture.

His work draws upon the history of painting and processes, particularly minimalism and abstraction, but is also influenced by design, poetry, writing and music.

She has held various positions and fellowships at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum, Metropolitan Museum of Art, and Amon Carter Museum of American Art and has contributed to several publications, including the forthcoming essay «New Rugs by American Artists: Modernism, Abstraction, and Rug Design at MoMA.»

1981 Museum of Contemporary Art: «Twentieth Century NorthAmerican Painters» Sao Paulo, Brazil La Jolla Museum of Contemporary Art: «Artists Quilts: Quilts by Ten Contemporary Artists with Ludy Strauss» California Also: Los Angeles Municipal Art Gallery, San Jose, California, and University Art Gallery, University of Texas, Arlington, Texas (catalogue) Art Center College of Design: «DECADE: Los Angeles Painting in the «70's» Pasadena, California Fox Graphics Gallery: «Selected Prints Published by Landfall Press» Boston Washington Project for the Arts: «Neon Fronts: Luminous Art for the Urban Landscape», Washington D.C. James Corcoran Gallery: «Summer Group Show» Los Angeles, California Thomas Babeor Gallery: «A California Summer» La Jolla, CA Tower Gallery, Inc.: «California Artists: Sculpture and Paintings» Southampton, New York Judith Christian Gallery: «Forty Famous Californians» New York Montgomery Art Gallery, Pomona College: «Professor's Choice» Claremont, California Sheldon Gallery, University of Nebraska: «The Kansas City Show» Lincoln, Nebraska Art Gallery, California State University, Northridge: «Abstraction in Los Angeles, 1950 - 1980: Selections from the Murray & Ruth Gribin Collection»

Finally, there are a series of almost invisible shapes, made of transparent glass hung on the wall at the height of the viewer's body, each is inspired by the Bauhaus professor, painter and theater director, Oskar Schlemmer and his famous designs for costumes that turned the body into geometric abstractions.

Hadley Holliday: One with the Sun, New Paintings at Carl Solway Gallery, by Karen Chambers, Aeqai, February 2013 XYZ The Geometric Impulse in Abstract Art, exhibition catalog, Torrance Art Museum, 2012... might be good, Issue # 199, Technicolor from Coast to Coast, by Emily Ng Art on Paper 2012, exhibition catalog, Weatherspoon Art Museum, 2012 Hadley Holliday Sets New Sights at Taylor de Cordoba, Huffington Post, March 2012 Hadley Holliday Wows with Striking Abstractions, by Angelica Martin, Societe Perrier, March 2012 Get Lost in a Patterned Wonderland, by Lilian Min, Refinery 29, February 2012 Rainbow Connection, by Sierra Feldner - Shaw, Style Section LA, March 2010 Hadley Holliday: Paintings at Solway Jones, by George Melrod, Art Ltd., November 2009 Artist of a Totally Different Stripe, by Holly Myers, Los Angeles Times, September 18, 2009, p. D23 West Coast Painters, Korea Times, June 23, 2009 Gravity and Transformation at Kristi Engle Gallery, ArtWeek, Sept 2008 Notes from the Overpass, by Adam Schwartz, Open Studio Magazine, April 2008 Supersonic: One Wind Tunnel, Eight Schools, 120 Artists, exhibition catalog, Art Center College of Design, Pasadena, CA, 2004

Beginnings of the pop art were related to the irony shown to the fast growing society, life, space and design images inevitably changed by consumerism, as well as to the critique of the elitist world of high culture and abstraction in art.

A painting by Alberto Giacometti, its thin figure trapped in an Existential interior, or an abstraction by Fernand Léger seems designed to prove its antiquity.

In other pieces in the show, everyday objects such as books are transformed by applying to them the geometry of paper ornaments and minimalist sculpture (Minimal Bibliography), and photographed window fences with geometric designs are isolated from their functional environment by cutting the prints and flattening the illusionistic space of the photograph, thus relating those specific daily life situations with the idealistic language of modernist geometric abstraction (Popular Geometry).

As an encyclopedic museum, there are always a variety of exhibitions, but the current offerings are especially rich: The James Turrell retrospective on view through April 6 beats out last year's Guggenheim show for breadth of offerings and the survey «Calder and Abstraction» boasts exhibition design by Frank Gehry that includes curved walls that cast those mobiles and stabiles in a whole new light.

They appear like geometric abstractions, but their compositions are actually predetermined by an anonymous maker, as Wurtz accentuates the full range of their embossed designs.

At the forefront of this new paradigm was HALE WOODRUFF, whose integration of African - design motifs into his colorful, large - scale canvases stood alongside an enigmatic and symbol - laden painterly abstraction in works by other painters.

Inspired by the works of Florence Henri, László Moholy Nagy, El Lissitzky, and Josef Albers, Truly Design created The Truth and Where You See it From, an exhibition that «showcases the recent outcomes of our aesthetic and poetic studies, now focused on the relationship between geometrical abstraction and urban space,» they explained.

He continues: «Matisse's late work does contribute quite prominently, if not iconically, to a certain strand in the conjunction of modernism and abstraction which blurs the distinction between art and design, and more specifically between abstract painting and the decorative and applied arts... I've always considered Matisse's greatest contribution to art not his colour, which is undoubtedly exceptional, but his inventive painterly architectures reasserting what [painting] does (what, in a way, it has always done), what it delivers, by the act of continual reinvention; finding yet more new ways to keep it alive — and of course, keep it keenly separate from design and the applied arts even when in the act of using elements of those very disciplines to elaborate and enrich the spatial structures of his painting.»

The creators say the Truth project is «the resulting anamorphic abstraction [as it] relates to MEF's architecture throughout a common visual language shaped by minimalist geometric designs, as well as throughout the common fate which binds us to the museum: from abandoned factory to art.»

«if I can't dance to it, it's not my revolution,» Cantor Fitzgerald Gallery, Haverford College, Haverford, PA, March 21 — May 2, 2014; catalogue «Stars: Contemporary Prints by Derrière L'Étoile Studio (Part Three),» Zimmerli Art Museum, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, March 8 - July 31, 2014 «Pretty Vacant: The Graphic Language of Punk,» Galleries at Moore College of Art and Design, Philadelphia, PA, January 25 — March 15, 2014 «Non Sequitur: Formal and Narrative Abstraction in Contemporary Sequential Art,» curated by Tom Hart, Jeff Owens, and Chase Westfall, Gallery Protocol, Gainesville, FL, February 26 — March 26, 2014 «Reliable Tension — Re: JJ or: How to Win a Conversation About Jasper Johns,» curated by John Pilson, 36 Edgewood Gallery, Yale School of Art, New Haven, CT, February 17 — March 28, 2014

MIDTOWN & UPTOWN & HARLEM Rebecca Horn; Forms of Attraction / Kelly / 475 Tenth Avenue @ 36 / thru 6/21 James Siena / Dieu Donne / 315 W 36 / thru 6/29 Spencer Finch thru 1/11 Opening 6/20; Etc. / Morgan Library / 225 Madison @ 36 John Cage curated by Chris Murtha / Horticultural Society of NY / 148 W 37 / thru 5/23 Nikki Lindt / Heskin / 443 W 37 / thru 6/28 Opening 5/22 Washington Color Abstraction / Gabarron Foundation / 149 E 38 / thru 5/30 Failing to Levitate curated by Kerry Downey & Natasha Llorens / EFA Project Space / 323 W 39 / thru 7/3 Opening 6/6 Reception 6/19 S.Polke thru 8/3; Jasper Johns thru 9/1; Lygia Clark thru 8/24;... Silence thru 6/22; Gauguin thru 6/8; R.Heinecken thru 9/7; Etc. / MoMA / 11 W 53 Urs Fischer / Lever House / 390 Park @ 54 / thru 5/30 Frank Bowling / Spanierman / 625 W 55 — floor 5 / thru 5/28 Seven Decades of Optic Art / Davidson / 724 Fifth Ave. @ 57 — floor 4 / 5/13 thru 6/27 Reception 5/20 (5 - 7 PM) Emily Mason; Claire Falkenstein; Beatrice Mandelman; Nina Tryggvadottire / Findlay / 724 Fifth Ave. @ 57 — floor 8 / thru 5/24 John Newman / de Nagy / 724 Fifth Ave. @ 57 — floor 12 / thru 5/30 Fairfield Porter / Hirschl & Adler / 730 Fifth Ave. @ 57 / thru 6/13 Mark Rothko / Pace / 32 E 57 / thru 6/20 Elena del Rivero; Yvonne Estrada / McCoy / 41 E 57 / thru 6/16 Group / Alexandre / 41 E 57 / thru 5/23 Traces / Blum / 20 W 57 — floor 2 / thru 8/1 Opening 5/29 Jack Youngerman / Washburn / 20 W 57 — floor 8 / thru 6/27 Leon Kelly / Naumann — floor 3 / 24 W 57 / thru 5/23 Lothar Baumgarten / Goodman — floor 4 / 24 W 57 / thru 6/14 Alex Brown / Jancou / 24 W 57 — floor 6 / thru 6/21 Dana Melamed; Josef Fischnaller / Stux / 24 W 57 — floor 6 (new location) / thru 5/31 3,000 Years of Geometry / Seve / 37 W 57 / thru 5/24 Santiago Calatrava / Marlborough / 40 W 57 / thru 5/31 Look At Me / Heller / 43 W 57 (new, second location) / thru 8/29 Lucy Williams / McKee / 745 Fifth / thru 6/20 Dawoud Bey / Boone / 745 Fifth / thru 6/28 Out of Hand thru 7/6, Etc. / Museum of Art and Design / 2 Columbus Circle @ 59 Knud Lonberg - Holm / UBU / 416 E 59 / thru 8/1 Michael Scott & John Chamberlain: a conversation / Gering / 14 E 63 (new location) / thru 5/31 Lyonel Feininger / Moeller / 35 E 64 / thru 6/27 (extended) Billy Al Bengston / Franklin Parrasch / 53 E 64 (new location) / thru 6/28 Image and Matter curated by Yumiko Chiba / Boesky / 118 E 64 / thru 6/14 Mark Grotjahn / Blum & Poe / 19 E 66 (new in NYC) / thru 6/21 Lynda Barry / Baumgold / 60 E 66 / thru 7/11 Kan Yasuda / Eykyn - Maclean / 23 E 67 / thru 6/27 Horacio Zabala; Eduardo Kac / Faria / 35 E 67 / thru 6/21 Anna Maria Maiolino / Hauser & Wirth / 32 E 69 / thru 6/21 Copied / Roth / 160A E 70 / thru 6/20 Nalini Malani / Asia Society / 725 Park @ 70 / thru 8/3 Pierre Soulages / Levy / 909 Madison @ 73 / thru 6/27 Pierre Soulages / Perrotin / 909 Madison @ 73 / thru 6/27 Robert Rauschenberg / Starr / 5 E 73 / thru 5/23 Frank Stella / Van Doren Waxter / 23 E 73 / thru 6/27 Carved, Cast, Chrushed, Constructed / Freedman / 25 E 73 / thru 5/31 Peter Sis curated by Charlotta Kotik / Czech Center / 321 E 73 / thru 9/1 Aftershock / Edelman / 136 E 74 / thru 5/31 Harmony Korine / Gagosian / 821 Park @ 75 (new, additional location) / thru 6/21 Biennial; Etc. / Whitney Museum / Madison @ 75 / thru 5/25 Kathleen Kucka / Geranmayeh / 956 Madision @ 76 — floor 3 / thru 6/28 Opening 5/20 (6 - 9 PM) But that joke isn't funny anymore curated by Ryan McKenna / Tilton / 8 E 76 / thru 6/7 Jasper Johns; Roy Lichtenstein / Castellli / 18 E 77 / thru 6/27

The modest show, organized by guest curator Jay Belloli and largely selected from holdings in the artist's foundation, includes student efforts, late paintings, a few ceramics, some wood carvings, jewelry designs, two glass vases, a Surrealist abstraction carved in low - relief on the back of an illuminated plexiglass sheet and more than a dozen prints.

Solomon has exhibited widely throughout the United States at museums, galleries, and art fairs and is currently included in the important exhibition, «Defining Abstraction» curated by Mark Ormond at the Ringling College of Art and Design, Sarasota, Florida.

Laureano García (b. 1922, Sancti Spiritus): An architect by training, Garcia has designed parks and residential buildings, and his murals and paintings — García is particularly known for his still lifes — combine abstraction and geometry with figurative elements.

With a witty approach to the current state of computerized reality, even in artistic expression, Salavon layers and manipulates visual data into abstraction by the use of computer software of his own design.

De Stijl was the name of a Dutch design and aesthetics journal and avant - garde art movement, devoted to geometric abstraction (non-objective art), which was founded and led by Theo Van Doesburg (1883 - 1931).

• Art Nouveau (c.1890 - 1914) An important precursor because of its style of decorative abstraction, derived from Celtic Art style curvilinear interlace, spirals, and knot patterns, notably employed in book - covers, textile, wallpaper designs by William Morris, Arthur Mackmurdo, and others.

Sadly he died in 1931, but his ideas were continued not only by students of the Bauhaus design school (where he had lectured), but also by the Abstraction - Creation group - led by the Belgian artist Georges Vantongerloo (1886 - 1965) and the French painters Jean Helion (1904 - 87) and Auguste Herbin (1882 - 1960).

But there's also Modern art at TEFAF — Alexej von Jawlensky's colorful 1913 canvasHead of a Woman, painted in a colorful expressionistic style, was on offer for $ 3.4 million at Galerie Thomas, from Munich; Surrealist Paul Delvaux's erotic rendition of female nudes in a dreamlike setting is at Salzburg's Thomas Salis Art & Design; Piet Mondrian's landscape painting of a house surrounded by trees from 1902, before the Dutch modernist discovered his signature style of geometric abstraction, is at Düsseldorf «s Beck & Eggeling; and Impressionist painter Pierre - Auguste Renoir's enchanting 1885 canvas Au Bord de L'eau (At the Water's Edge), which beautifully captures a woman rowing a boat on a rural lake, is priced at $ 12 million at Dickinson, of London and New York.

2017 Desert X Biennial, Coachella Valley, CA 2016 SITElines.2016: New Perspectives on Art of the Americas, SITE Santa Fe, New Mexico NO COMMISSION, Bronx, NY Recent Acquisition, exhibited as part of Beyond Limits, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA Recent Acquisition, exhibited as part of Native Artists of North America, Newark Museum of Art, Newark, NJ Kindred Beasts: The Everson Biennial, Everson Museum of Art, Syracuse, New York Convene, Nerman Museum of Contemporary Art, Overland Park, Kansas March Madness, Fort Gansevoort, New York, New York WORD, Hudson Valley Center for Contemporary Art, Peekskill, New York New Geometries, Fleisher / Ollman, Philadelphia Perfect Day, Roberts and Tilton, California 2015 - 6 Affinity Atlas, The Tang Museum, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York Greater New York, MoMA PS1, New York, New York An Evening Redness in the West, IAIA Museum of Contemporary Native Arts (MoCNA), Santa Fe, New Mexico Between History and Body, The 8th Floor, Shelley and Donald Rubin Foundation, New York, New York P3, Prospect New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 2015 Piece by Piece, Building a Collection, Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art, Kansas City, Missouri Gray Would Be The Color if I Had a Heart, MARC STRAUS, New York, NY Geometries of Difference: New Approaches to Ornament and Abstraction, Samuel Dorsky Museum of Art, New Paltz, New York 2014 - 5 Beautiful Games: American Indian Sport and Art, Heard Museum, Phoenix, Arizona 2014 Xigue - Xigue, MARC STRAUS, New York, New York Contemporary American Indian Art, The Nerman Museum Collection, Overland Park, Kansas 2013 Fiction / Non-Fiction, Esker Foundation, Calgary, Canada On Deck, MARC STRAUS, New York, New York Sakahan: International Indigenous Art, National Gallery Canada, Ottowa, Ontario Outside the Lines, Contemporary Art Museum Houston, Houston, Texas Hotbox Forever, Steven Wolf, San Francisco, California Totem, Aysa Geisberg Gallery, New York, New York Group Show, Samson, Boston, Massachusetts 2012 - 4 Changing Hands 3, Museum of Art and Design, New York, New York; Memorial Art Gallery, Rochester, New York; McMichael Canadian Art Collection, Kleinburg, Ontario, Chazen Museum of Art, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Museum of Contemporary Native Arts, Santa Fe, New Mexico, University of Michigan Museum of Art, Ann Arbor, Michigan 2012 Shapeshifting, Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, Massachusetts E-Vapor-8, 319 Scholes, Brooklyn, New York, organized by Francesca Gavin Peekskill Project V, Hudson Valley Center for Contemporary Art, Peekskill, New York 2011 Recent Acquisitions, Museum of Fine Arts, Linde Wing for Contemporary Art, Boston, Massachusetts Close Encounters, Plug - In Institute of Contemporary Art, Winnipeg, Canada Recent Acquisitions, Denver Art Museum, Denver, Colorado Anthony Greaney x Dan Graham x Samson, Cottage Home Gallery, Los Angeles, California An Exchange with Sol LeWitt, Cabinet Exhibitions and Mass MoCA, Brooklyn.

Initially a figurative painter, he discovered abstraction in 2004 on a visit to Notre Dame du Haut, a Modernist chapel in Ronchamp, France, designed by Charles - Edouard Jeanneret - Gris, otherwise known as Le Corbusier.

His works are characterized by dichotomies: abstraction and figuration, design and art.

Echoing a wide range of precursors — from high Constructivism (Alexander Archipenko and Henryk Stażewski), to geometric abstraction's flashier midcentury incarnations (Richard Anuszkiewicz, Victor Vasarely), to the eager swallowing - up of both by the «rad,» spray - paint - besmirched graphic design of the 1980s — the London - based artist's neat, sharp, labor - intensive paintings unite a shallow if convincing illusory depth with a neurotic meticulousness to erect optical labyrinths that both tantalize and deceive.

Using examples of artistic clothing and costume design as a starting point to present his own set of models for abstract form today, McElheny investigates the connections between the history of visual abstraction and the clothing created by artists over the past century, whose work proposed a more subjective, less universal experience of abstraction.