«Even during times where there are no actual emails to act upon, the mere norm of availability and the actual anticipation of work creates a constant
stressor that precludes an employee
from work
detachment.»
Underload (i.e., low levels of workload) can hamper the psychological
detachment from work as employees feel apathetic, under - stimulated, frustrated and stressed, whereas overload (i.e., high levels of workload) can hamper
detachment as employees feel overwhelmed, unable to cope with the
stressor, exhausted and stressed (Gardner, 1986; Gardner and Cummings, 1988; Fisher, 1991; Zivnuska et al., 2002; Richter et al., 2008).
Psychological
detachment from work during off - job time: the role of job
stressors, job involvement, and recovery - related self - efficacy.