It should be noted that the Court has, slowly but surely, narrowed both of these categories into nothingness (see Doré, where the Court decided that the constitutional
determinations of administrative decision - makers are entitled to deference).
Not exact matches
It seems more problematic in a legal system that gives
administrative decision - makers the power to make final and binding
determinations of law when they interpret and apply their home legislation.
The application
of this standard is less straightforward than correctness: the
determination of whether an
administrative decision intelligible, transparent and justified is a necessarily a subjective exercise.
The problem is simply stated as follows: Develop a principled approach to reconcile traditional accounts
of the rule
of law with the modern reality that
administrative agencies and statutory tribunals who do not operate like or resemble the ordinary courts but who nevertheless occupy a large amount
of space in our legal system and can not avoid making legal
determinations in exercising their statutory duties which often implicate individual rights and interests to a greater extent than judicial
decisions.
The FPSW Order requires offerors for government contracts to disclose whether there have been any «
administrative merits
determination, arbitral award or
decision, or civil judgment... rendered against the offeror within the preceding 3 - year period» for violations
of any
of 14 federal labor laws and equivalent state laws.
Article 15 The judicial or
administrative authorities
of a Contracting State may, prior to the making
of an order for the return
of the child, request that the applicant obtain from the authorities
of the State
of the habitual residence
of the child a
decision or other
determination that the removal or retention was wrongful within the meaning
of Article 3
of the Convention, where such a
decision or
determination may be obtained in that State.
In short, deference requires respect for the legislative choices to leave some matters in the hands
of administrative decision makers, for the processes and
determinations that draw on particular expertise and experiences, and for the different roles
of the courts and
administrative bodies within the Canadian constitutional system.