Sentences with phrase «determine sea surface»

Second, have the instruments being used to determine sea surface temperature been satisfactorily validated?

These instruments help determine sea surface temperatures around the world.

Not exact matches

One of the challenges has been accurately determining the difference between sea surface temperatures at the poles and the equator during the Eocene, with models predicting greater differences than data suggested.

The presence of sea salt on Europa's surface suggests the ocean is interacting with its rocky seafloor — an important consideration in determining whether the icy moon could support life.

Taking factors such as sea surface temperature, greenhouse gases and natural aerosol particles into consideration, the researchers determined that changes in the concentration of black carbon could be the primary driving force behind the observed alterations to the hydrological cycle in the region.

The movement of water in the ocean is determined by many factors including tides; winds; surface waves; internal waves, those that propagate within the layers of the ocean; and differences in temperature, salinity or sea level height.

Researchers use models that combined observed temperatures with simulated sea surface temperatures and surface air temperatures to determine temperatures from 1401 to 1800.

In recent years, a brand of research called «climate attribution science» has sprouted from this question, examining the impact of extreme events to determine how much — often in fractional terms — is related to human - induced climate change, and how much to natural variability (whether in climate patterns such as the El Niño / La Niña - Southern Oscillation, sea - surface temperatures, changes in incoming solar radiation, or a host of other possible factors).

Through comparison of the sea - surface temperature data extending back to the 1860s, it has been determined that the Earth's ocean temperature appears to pass through a 10 - year cycle as well as the 3 - year to 4 - year cycle.

This study attempted to determine the relationships between solar activity and SST [sea surface temperature].

Whether the impact of coral bleaching is moderate or severe determined by a range of factors, including local sea surface temperature and sea level, as well as nearby human activity, such as pollution.

The layered surfaces of her works become a kind of reckoning, evoking, in the artist's words, «the way sailors mark their location at sea, determined by return.

The slowly layered surfaces of her work become a kind of reckoning, the way sailors mark their locations at sea, determined to return.

It uses the satellite data of sea level to determine the typical variability patterns of the sea surface and thus to establish the link between the locally measured tide gauge values and the global sea level.

The contribution to sea surface height by thermal expansion is significant, but doesn't play a very big role in determining the temperature of the warm pool.

When the reconstructions try to determine changes in sea surface temperature they seem to be most reliable because SST has less fluctuation and is more pertinent to the problem

Section 8.6 discusses the various feedbacks that operate in the atmosphere - land surface - sea ice system to determine climate sensitivity, and Section 8.3.2 discusses some processes that are important for ocean heat uptake (and hence transient climate response).

Determining the mechanisms and feedbacks involved in climate change at the end of the last ice age therefore requires an understanding of the relationship between the southern margin ice retreat and connected meltwater events to atmospheric and sea surface temperatures, ice - rafting Heinrich events, sea level rise, and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations.

It's hard to imagine how Cowtan and Way could determine with any degree of certainty how «the hybrid method works best over land and most importantly sea ice» when there is so little surface air temperature data over sea ice.

If we looked at only the ONI to determine changes in El Nino / La Nina frequency it would be misleading because that indicator is based upon a baseline that shifts; that baseline is determined from the very sea surface temperatures that would change if El Nino / La Nina become more dominant.

[4] Folland et al., 2002 defined an index to describe the Interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO) with sea surface temperature and night marine air temperature to determine how the SPCZ varies with the IPO.

Since 1998 ECMWF has been running a coupled forecasting system where the atmospheric component of the Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) communicates with the wave model (WAM) through exchange of the Charnock parameter which determines the roughness of the sea surface (Janssen, 2004).

In summary, the historical [Sea Surface Temperature] record... may well contain instrumental bias effects that render the data of questionable value in determining long period trends in ocean surface temperatures... Investigators that use the data [to try this] bear a heavy, perhaps impossible, responsibility for ensuring that the potential instrument bias has not contaminated their rSurface Temperature] record... may well contain instrumental bias effects that render the data of questionable value in determining long period trends in ocean surface temperatures... Investigators that use the data [to try this] bear a heavy, perhaps impossible, responsibility for ensuring that the potential instrument bias has not contaminated their rsurface temperatures... Investigators that use the data [to try this] bear a heavy, perhaps impossible, responsibility for ensuring that the potential instrument bias has not contaminated their results.

You see, the data used in determining satellite - based SLR in the above data and graphs, is not really a rise in the sea surface HEIGHT.

See, the first thing to do is do determine what the temperature trend during the recent thermometer period (1850 — 2011) actually is, and what patterns or trends represent «data» in those trends (what the earth's temperature / climate really was during this period), and what represents random «noise» (day - to - day, year - to - random changes in the «weather» that do NOT represent «climate change»), and what represents experimental error in the plots (UHI increases in the temperatures, thermometer loss and loss of USSR data, «metadata» «M» (minus) records getting skipped that inflate winter temperatures, differences in sea records from different measuring techniques, sea records vice land records, extrapolated land records over hundreds of km, surface temperature errors from lousy stations and lousy maintenance of surface records and stations, false and malicious time - of - observation bias changes in the information.)

Local weather, particularly extreme local weather, is often determined by fluctuations in large patterns of regional atmospheric pressure and sea surface temperatures, such as the Arctic Oscillation (and its close relative, the North Atlantic Oscillation) and other patterns associated with El Niño - Southern Oscillation (ENSO).

Specifically, she is trying to determine the most important factors influencing sea surface temperatures.

If the CO2 content in atmosphere increases, the sinks — mainly sea surface on upper latitudes — determine how much CO2 from total amount of CO2 emissions stays in the atmosphere to increase its CO2 content.

They then applied a simple statistical correction using this relationship with sea surface temperatures to determine whether internal variability could explain the slowed global surface warming.

After examining publicly available data, the researchers determined that, «there was a very persistent mound, a bump or bulge, in the elevation of the sea surface in the vicinity of the Mississippi Delta.»

That's because not only variations in the flux from the sea surface to atmosphere and space but also circulation between layers determine variations in heat content within individual layers.

So evaporation doesn't control sea surface temperatures, but it does couple that surface temperature to the overlying air temperature, but importantly one needs to satisfy the TOA budget to determine what that temperature is, i.e., it wouldn't be correct to assume there's an upper bound on SSTs after which evaporation is so efficient that the temperature can't increase much more.

Here we probe the system to determine whether certain regions of the Southern Ocean are more critical than others for air — sea CO2 balance and the biological export production, by increasing surface nutrient drawdown in an ocean general circulation model.