This fundamental
difference in temperature accounts for many of the current disparities between the two worlds.
Not exact matches
And when the calls are adjusted to
account for
differences in body size and
temperature, a whale sounds a lot like a frog [Adjusted whale song].
Unexpectedly, they found a significant size
difference between urban and rural trees, even after
accounting for factors such as
temperature and nutrient levels, they report
in the 10 July issue of Nature.
When
differences in scaling between previous studies are
accounted for, the various current and previous estimates of NH mean surface
temperature are largely consistent within uncertainties, despite the
differences in methodology and mix of proxy data back to approximately A.D. 1000... Conclusions are less definitive for the SH and globe, which we attribute to larger uncertainties arising from the sparser available proxy data
in the SH.
According to Seager et al. (2002) THC appears to
account for the North America vs. Europe winter
temperature difference only
in the highest latitudes, north of about 60 degrees N, due to the fact that the heat transport limits sea ice cover there.
For the other averages,
differences seem to be
in how they
account for grid cells (typically 5Â ° x 5Â °) with only a few
temperature stations, how they do what are called «variance adjustments», how they deal with cells with no stations (which is far more common than you would think), how they average the cells together, and how they deal with UHI.
Reporting problems include
differences due to the net result of conversions off low data metered at varying
temperature and pressure bases and converted to a standard
temperature and pressure base; the effect of variations
in company
accounting and billing practices;
differences between billing cycle and calendar period time frames; and imbalances resulting from the merger of data reporting systems that vary
in scope, format, definitions, and type of respondents.
The IPCC TAR, which you are fond of quoting, says «Discrepancies between MSU and radiosonde data have largely been resolved, although the observed trend
in the
difference between the surface and lower tropospheric
temperatures can not fully be
accounted for.»
Specifically, they took into
account the
temperature difference between the area most influenced by changes
in the strength of the circulation, which is that telltale cold patch
in the North Atlantic, and the rest of the Northern Hemisphere.
Differences in priors should be taken into
account when comparing quoted ranges of possible
temperature change.»
Most of the
difference between the
temperature series can be
accounted for by this
difference in coverage.
Sea surface
temperatures, for instance, were at different periods collected by bucket from a ship's deck, by readings aboard surface drifting and moored buoys or by engine - intake thermometers
in ships» engine rooms, and there could be subtle
differences not
accounted for.
As for the
differences in water
temperatures, that can be easily be
accounted for by
differences in the tools used to measure water
temperatures.
The
difference in climatology from one location to the next is
accounted for
in the anomaly calculation itself — since anomalies are the departure from the mean
temperature, and since the mean
temperature is defined from a standard climatological period.
33K appears to be accurate + -10 % going by average measured
temperature of the surface of the moon and the surface of the earth after taking into
account difference in albedo between the two where the inaccuracy is almost soley due to lack of accuracy
in determining the average albedo of the earth.
Such regionally varying effects may partly
account for
differences between observed regional global
temperature trends, and such effects must be understood to achieve accurate knowledge of how the climate dice are now loaded
in specific regions.
Figure 1: Antarctic (Vostok) ice core records of
temperature, CO2 (upper) and CH4 (lower) including time - scale adjustment to
account for ice - gas age
difference associated with the time for air bubbles to be sealed (Petit et al. 1999) and corrected for variations of climate
in the water vapor source regions (Vimeux et al. 2002) as described
in Supporting Text of Hansen and Sato (2004).
If you know the standard - errors of the various data - point (i.e. global mean
temperature) estimates, we can check if it's statistically significant via a
difference in means test, while
accounting for correlation
in estimator distributions (it should be, unless NASA can't measure at all, which I sincerely doubt).