In countries in the South, faced with the alliance between international capital, the comprador bourgeoisie and part of the middle class, the alternative consisted in using joint programmes and actions to bring together the
different grass - roots
groups such as workers, peasants, the informal sector, movements of the urban poor, co-operatives,
minority ethnic groups, and also the vulnerable middle classes, students, etc..
One review (Barlow et al., 2004) of controlled trials and qualitative studies of parenting programmes with and for parents from
minority ethnic groups included formal parenting programmes, culturally specific programmes (such as the Effective Black Parenting Programmes) and versions of formal parenting programmes [e.g. Systematic Training for Effective Parenting (STEP), PET and Confident Parenting] adapted to
different minority ethnic groups.