In MRI, for example, the pointing angle of the spin gives information about where in the body the atom is located, while the amount of spin (the amplitude) is used to
distinguish different kinds of tissue.
In their 2015 study, Tomasetti and Vogelstein compared cancer incidence in the United States to the total number of cell divisions to
different kinds of tissues in the body.
When Kliman compared the two
different kinds of tissue, he found that the placentas from the autistic children were three times more likely to have the abnormal microscopic pits.
Loring's team tackled this problem using their expertise with induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which can be taken from almost any tissue in an adult and reprogrammed to become
a different kind of tissue.
In defiance of decades of accepted wisdom, researchers this year found that stem cells from adults retain the youthful ability to become
different kinds of tissues.