Not exact matches
Based on animal models, including a primate model, it is hypothesized that the
cells remain unharmed in the digestive tract of the infant then enter the bloodstream, migrate to
different organs, and there provide active immunity.54
Remarkably, given the complexity of the kidney, the
cells differentiated into exactly those required in the
different compartments of the
organ.
«If ctenophores diverged first, these
organ systems likely have been present in the common ancestor of all animals — and sponges and placozoans must subsequently have lost them — or complex traits like nerve
cells and muscles must have emerged independently several times in
different lineages,» Wörheide explains.
Although blood
cells serve multiple roles in the body and have complex interactions with other cellular materials, most synthetic blood products have aimed to just stick to the bare basics — shuttling oxygen from the lungs to
different vital
organs and then bringing carbon dioxide back to the lungs to be exhaled.
Another challenge is producing stem -
cell - derived tissues or
organs that don't develop teratomas — tumors that contain a variety of tissues found in
different organs — when transplanted.
By understanding how
different cells age, Murphy says, researchers may one day not only extend reproduction, but also life span and
organ function.
Plotting the total number of stem
cell divisions over a lifetime against the lifetime risk of cancer in 31
different organs revealed a correlation.
One likely reason for this is that animals undergo cellular differentiation; human life begins as a single
cell that differentiates into the various
cell types needed for
different organs, body parts, blood, the immune system, etc..
The Arabidopsis thaliana plant root, used in these studies, is a quite simple
organ, in which
cells with
different functions are separated.
But dolphins, fish, and platypuses each evolved the receptor
cells independently, from
different organs unique to each lineage.
To understand this spread, the Penn researchers developed a mouse model that uses multiple fluorescent proteins to tag and track
different pancreatic cancer
cells as they enter the bloodstream and spread to distant
organs.
Tumor
cells associated with pancreatic cancer often behave like communities by working with each other to increase tumor spread and growth to
different organs.
Adult stem
cells: They have less flexibility and «stemness» to change into
different cell types, but they can still produce new
cells, specialized to become part of a particular
organ or tissue, such as muscle
cells or neural
cells.
Recent advances in single -
cell genomics technology has made it possible to separate individual
cells from
different tissues and
organs, and measure the sets of RNA messages — called the transcriptome — which help give each
cell its own identity.
Researchers have grown them from many
different organs; they have also created organoids from tumor
cells to mimic cancers.
Surprisingly, methamphetamine addicts» brains were about 10 percent larger than normal brains, apparently due to inflammation of the brain's white matter — the nerve
cells that link the
different thinking centers of the
organ.
Stem
cell populations reside in areas called niches deep within
different types of
organs.
As «immature» somatic
cells, stem
cells can mature into
different types of
cells, thus making them responsible for the development of all the tissues and
organs in the body.
The way these
cells organize themselves structurally in
different organ systems helps them coordinate their amazingly diverse behaviors and functions, keeping the whole biological machine running smoothly.
«We generate a pattern of an
organ that we want, creating a 3D hollowed - out structure, stick it on a piece of glass, then we can introduce a lot of
different cell types,» Gillrie says.
He was particularly interested in creating the simplest of solid
organs, a phallus, which has just two
different kinds of
cells to manage.
Stem
cells are non-specialized
cells found in
different organs.
Today, at 56, Atala oversees 300 researchers and support personnel, including chemists, biologists and engineers divided into
different teams working on
cell therapy, a technology for what he calls partial transplants and the creation of new
organs.
Moreover, these stem
cell - derived
cells released
different amounts of hormone in response to known feedback signals generated by other
organs in the body.
From these three
cell populations
different functional tissue
cells arise, such as skin
cells, muscle
cells, and specific
organ cells.
Earlier research has been limited to the study of certain
organs or a handful of
cells, and has therefore not been able to definitively demonstrate the presence of specificity in the system, whereby
different cell types would have
different functions.
Different types of tumors show a preference for specific
organs and tissues; circulating breast cancer
cells, for example, are likely to take root in bones, lungs, and the brain.
«Every
organ is a complex machine built by many
different cell types.
Cells in five different organs had died and other cells were expressing proteins associated with radiation respo
Cells in five
different organs had died and other
cells were expressing proteins associated with radiation respo
cells were expressing proteins associated with radiation responses.
To overcome these limitations, we used two - color flow cytometry to identify and select microvascular endothelial
cells from primary cultures obtained from
different organs of mice whose tissues harbor a temperature - sensitive SV40 large T antigen (H - 2Kb - tsA58 mice; ImmortoMice).
We capitalized on one of the innate responses of microvascular endothelial
cells, i.e., the up - regulation of
cell adhesion molecules in response to inflammatory agents, to generate endothelial
cell lines from
different organs.
The constitutive expression of these endothelial
cell adhesion molecules was very similar for most of the lines derived from
different organs, i.e., very low expression levels of E-selectin and VCAM - 1 and more pronounced expression of ICAM - 1.
The organization of these tissues let
different cell types work together, to enable
organs in the body to perform their functions.
The selection strategy targeted
cell populations expressing the inducible endothelial
cell adhesion molecules, E-selectin and VCAM - 1, and proved successful in generating microvascular endothelial
cell lines from a number of
different organs.
The study also shows that viral infection also causes major adaptations in the tumour
cell, and that virus - positive tumours from widely
different organs can therefore display considerable similarities.
However, efforts to examine the in vitro behavior of tumor
cells with endothelial
cells from
different anatomical regions have been prohibited because, in large part, of the limited number of
organ - derived endothelial
cell lines available for study.
«All epithelial
cells — and that's the
cells that make up most of the
organs in our bodies — can do this, so you could imagine that this type of local chamber could be forming transiently in many
different parts of the body, whenever
cells need to self - organise and communicate,» Gilmour says.
Efforts to study the molecular mechanisms that mediate these complex processes in
different anatomical compartments have been impeded by difficulties in the isolation and propagation of endothelial
cells from
different organs.
«Our finding that tumor
cells secrete these three distinct nanoparticles, that then target
cells in
different organs reflects this important aspect of the disease.»
There are two major issues here: the differentiation of
cells into a range of
different types, and the assembly of
cells into tissues,
organs, and, ultimately, an intact organism.
The immortalized endothelial
cell lines established from H - 2Kb - tsA58 mice provide, for the first time, a
cell culture system to examine factors regulating angiogenesis and tumor
cell arrest in
different organ systems.
In other studies, however, using
cell lines either in vivo or in vitro suggest that the alpha2 beta1 integrin may serve to enhance metastasis to
different organs.
Proteins are the essential building blocks of
cells, making up the structure of
different parts of the body as well as carrying out and regulating the functions of
organs and tissues.
We can obtain iPS
cells from an individual's skin or blood and program them into
different tissue types to create patient - specific
Organ - Chips.
First, most currently generated organoids mainly contain epithelial
cells and are void of the many
different cell types that are essential for the morphology and functionality of the whole
organ.
The authors note that the formation of each
different organ bud type may require some fine tuning to optimize tissue self - organization, and further addition of neural
cell types may be necessary, but this research may soon provide exciting model systems for the study of basic biology and pathology as well as providing appropriate replacement tissues for the treatment of many patients with no other viable options.
Beverly Emerson studies how
different genes are turned on and off through the course of a cancer — from the time
cells become precancerous until the time they develop into a mature cancer and spread to new
organs.
But if, as this study suggests, the way that
cells become proliferative again is similar across many
different organs, we can imagine therapies that interfere with cancer initiation in a more global way, regardless of where that cancer may appear in the body,» he explains.
The sorting out of
cells with
different identities and fates during animal development is an important process to organize functional tissues and
organs.
By introducing
organ - specific
cells, researchers can emulate
different organs, such as the lung, liver, intestine, or brain.