Scientists record the size and number of impact craters — and how eroded they are — to determine the ages and histories of
different planetary surfaces.
Not exact matches
Variations in texture seen in
different portions of the fault
surface may explain why Costa Rica has complex, patchy earthquakes that do not seem to slip to shallow depths, unlike some other megathrust faults, said first author Joel Edwards, a Ph.D. candidate in Earth and
planetary sciences at UC Santa Cruz.
(The ESA spacecraft arrived at Sol's hottest planet on March 11, 2006, where it is being used to investigate how Venus — although similar to Earth in size, mass, and composition — evolved over the past 4.6 billion years to have atmospheric and
planetary surface characteristics that now appear very
different from those on Earth.)
The idealized GCMs described above are flexible and general enough that it is relatively straightforward to convert them into GCMs for other planets, for example, with
different planetary rotation rates and radii and with
different thermodynamic properties of the atmosphere, condensable species, and
surface.
The whole concept of direct radiation supposedly heating the
surface to observed temperatures is wrong and a totally
different paradigm involving entropy maximization and thermodynamics at the molecular level is now known to be what explains
planetary surface temperatures being higher than what can be explained with radiation.