Part Six — Nonlinearity and Dry Atmospheres — demonstrating that different distributions of water vapor yet with the same mean can result in
different radiation to space, and how this is important for drier regions like the sub-tropics
Not exact matches
Such people, however, have been exposed
to different types of
radiation from what one encounters in
space, and at best the correlation of data is imprecise.
Actually, though, most of the OLR originates from below the tropopause (can get up around 18 km in the tropics, generally lower)-- with a majority of solar
radiation absorbed at the surface, a crude approximation can be made that the area emitting
to space is less than 2 * (20/6371) * 100 % ~ = 0.628 % more than the area heated by the sun, so the OLR per unit area should be well within about 0.6 % of the value calculated without the Earth's curvature (I'm guessing it would actually be closer
to if not less than 0.3 %
different).
Also would like
to see the temperatures of
different colored spheres in
space to test the hypothesis that no surface property can be changed
to alter the average or core temperature of a passively heated sphere subject
to unidirectional IR
radiation.
The air can be warmer than the sea surface in some cases due
to a combination of evaporation and
radiation from the sea surface through the optical window direct
to space on a clear night, removing energy faster than the air could add energy by conduction, or if winds bring in hotter air than the surface film from a
different location.
Because of the
different intramolecular forces between water molecules as vapor in air, water, and ice, the wavelengths of emission and absorption are shifted; some of the
radiation from the water / ice droplets at the top of a cloud can escape
to space because the atmosphere above it is transparent at its wavelengths, whereas the same
radiation from droplets at the bottom of a cloud will be absorbed and re-emitted in random directions from the droplets above, including back down
to the originating droplets.