Not exact matches
In fact, the MESA researchers had included 46
different variants
of the
gene in their
sequencing database.
Bernard Friedenson, associate professor
of biochemistry and molecular genetics at UIC, looked at the DNA
sequences of breast cancers from 21
different women and found mutations in
genes involved in immunity in every one
of them.
I remember looking at the report and realizing that there were all
of these similar
genes in all
of these
different animals and thinking: «Maybe a careful reading
of the papers associated with the
sequences most similar to mine will tell me something about my own
gene.»
In this standard view, the genetic differences between any two individuals are due to slight differences in the
sequence of their
genes that mean that the
genes «spell out» slightly
different proteins.
A Canadian project called FORGE (finding
of rare disease
genes) aims to
sequence children and families with 200
different disorders this year.
However, when the
sequence of that genome emerged it appeared that the scientists were seeing double — the organism seemed to have two very
different versions
of many
of its
genes.
The pilot project tested a dozen or so
of the most commonly used
gene promoters (regions
of DNA that facilitate
gene transcription) and segments
of DNA that encode ribosome - binding sites (
sequences of messenger RNA that control protein translation) to determine whether they behave consistently in
different cellular contexts.
Molecular geneticists dream
of having a similarly comprehensive view
of networks that control
genes: For example, they would like to identify rules explaining how a single DNA
sequence can express
different proteins, or varying amounts
of protein, in
different circumstances (see p. 80).
By comparing proteomic and RNA -
sequencing data from people on
different exercise programs, the researchers found evidence that exercise encourages the cell to make more RNA copies
of genes coding for mitochondrial proteins and proteins responsible for muscle growth.
The researchers carried out fine - scale mapping, looking for parts
of the DNA
sequence that were specifically
different in butterflies with
different patterns, in three
different Heliconius species, and in each case the cortex
gene was found to be responsible for this adaptation in their patterning.
To his surprise, Lo found four
different MLV - related
gene sequences in 32
of the 37 patient samples.
Like Wray, the scientists estimated the
genes» rate
of evolution by comparing their DNA
sequences in two
different species, a technique calibrated to the date when the two species are known to have diverged.
All the plant groups the researchers examined, except liverworts, contained at least one
of three distinct introns — useless chunks
of DNA located inside the coding
sequence of a
gene — in two
different genes.
The BBSRC - funded ARK - Genomics facility — which is part
of Edinburgh Genomics at the University
of Edinburgh — provided a substantial body
of sequence data, including information on which
genes are expressed in a spectrum
of 40
different tissues.
Different versions
of genes can vary at single points in their
sequence, and these variations are called SNPs.
Previous work had shown that two variations in the COX - 2
gene, with either a guanine (G) or a cytosine (C) molecule at a particular spot in the
gene's DNA
sequence, lead to
different levels
of COX - 2 protein.
Between
different species, there are regions
of the
gene that vary in
sequence.
The readability
of genes is controlled by epigenetic factors, namely factors which do not influence the
gene sequence directly, but rather cause certain
genes and chromosomal segments to be packed in
different densities — and thus make them accessible for reading.
As a result
of having such a high concentration
of movable
gene sequences,
different strains
of corn are hugely
different genetically — more than one would predict.
In the last four years scientists have cloned and
sequenced many
genes carrying defects that cause disease, including those responsible for Fragile X linked mental retardation,
different forms
of muscular dystrophy, and most recently Huntington's disease.
And when they
sequenced Sputnik's genome, they found its small ring
of DNA contained
genes from three
different viral families, including Mamavirus.
Surprisingly, they found that although the patterns
of gene expression — as shown by the RNA
sequencing — differed between the hepatocellular carcinomas and the liver cancers with biliary phenotype and depended on the histological type, the overall pattern
of mutations in the cells was actually similar between the tumors —
of either type — that had emerged in patients who had had infections with either hepatitis C or B, and were
different in patients without such infections.
To do this, they incorporated the
gene sequence of each receptor into cultured cells and then probed the cells to determine if they were activated by one or more
of 25
different bitter - tasting chemicals.
GenProfile focuses on the systematic analysis
of DNA
sequence variation in biomedically relevant
genes in order to identify those variants, or combinations
of variants (
gene profiles), that determine an individual's genetic risk for disease, predict individually
different drug response, and ultimately pave the way to a personalized medicine.
Then they determine the
sequence of as many
of those
genes as their grant money will allow — typically around a thousand, coming from a thousand bacterial cells — and use that information to estimate how many
different kinds
of bacteria are present in the sample.
Because
genes on the Y chromosome often vary slightly in
sequence — and even function — from the corresponding
genes on the X, males could have slightly
different patterns
of gene expression throughout the body compared with females, due to not only their hormone levels, but also their entire Y chromosome.
By focusing on several
of these mutations and screening through guide RNA variants with
different mismatch combinations, they were able to identify specific guide RNAs that stimulated Cas9 activity towards the mutated
gene sequences but left the normal counterpart untouched.
Natural
gene sequences have been shaped in response to many
different evolutionary pressures, but are rarely optimal for aspects
of «biotechnological fitness,» such as maximized protein yield or optimal expression control.
They're continuing to
sequence prostate tumors to learn how frequently
different mutations occur, as well as studying which
of the rearranged
genes are actually driving cancer.
The transmission
of different states
of gene expression through multiple cell divisions and across generations has been termed «epigenetic,» since the underlying DNA
sequence is identical in both states.
The case highlights concerns that a network
of individual
gene patents could threaten the future
of personalized medicine and whole - genome
sequencing by blocking companies and clinicians from reporting a patient's genetic risk factors for
different diseases.
Analysis
of the DNA and encoded amino acid
sequences of A14 and B9 revealed that the first two are clonal variants which aligned most closely to the germ line denoted VHH Vg (T Verrips, unpublished data) and that the
sequence of B21 is highly divergent from both and also aligns to a
different germ line V
gene sequence Vu.
Use existing GenBank
sequences to compare cladograms
of the same plants with
different gene inputs.
Finding the
genes responsible for the increased risk is not straightforward because small
sequences of DNA can interact with completely
different parts
of the genome through a strange phenomenon known as «DNA looping».
Remember that a
gene is a set
of instructions, spelled using the chemical «letters» A, C, G and T. Each
gene has a
different sequence of letters, and cells use zinc - containing proteins to help control individual
genes based on their specific
sequence of letters.
«We now have an immense amount
of gene sequencing information for a number
of different diseases,» said Krogan.
That's a
gene with a slightly
different DNA
sequence — or genetic blueprint — from most others
of its species.
With the
sequence data in hand, the scientists were able to categorize the
genes into three groups, each modified by
different combinations
of the two epigenetic markers.
Many million
different users consult these databases each year, seeking information on anything from DNA
sequences, protein structures,
gene expression profiles, human genetic polymorphism or even comparative analyses
of entire genomes.
Research Focus: I dedicate my time and effort to develop high - throughput
sequencing technologies such as single cell transcriptomic, ChIP - Seq, ChIA - PET, and many more... The scientific rational is to understand better and with a
different angle, the mechanisms
of epigenetic regulation
of gene expression in (rare) immune cells, pathologically relevant in many diseases such as asthma, SLE, tuberculosis...
Thanks to innovations in
sequencing technology that have produced a cornucopia
of genomes, plus some tweaks to the computational methods by
different labs, the combined list
of identified HARs now includes nearly 3,000 genome segments.4 But the original trend still holds; nearly all HARs are outside
genes, some quite far away from any
gene in the genome.
Many
different classes
of regulatory
genes share a common DNA
sequence known as the homeobox, which predates the origin
of animals.
When multiplexing amplicons
of different gene targets it is important to use the appropriate
sequencing chemistry.
By
sequencing all
of the bacterial DNA in these fecal samples, the investigators identified resistance
genes to 16
different antibiotics.
They can do this by combining
genes from many
different organisms, or even by designing new ways to translate genetic
sequences of genes into protein products.
The
gene variant for white colour in pigs differs from the
gene variant found in wild boar, with at least five
different mutations, four
of which are duplications
of DNA
sequences.
Massively parallel RNA
sequencing (RNA - Seq) was used to investigate in an unbiased fashion the expression
of different genes, comparing the control and DAXX K / D expression patterns in PC3 cells (duplicate samples).
By
sequencing the DNA
of different croc populations, the researchers discovered that the Abanda cave crocs were inheriting their own unique haplotypes, the term for a group
of genes that one parent passes to its offspring, according to National Geographic.
«We generated DNA
sequences consisting
of the
gene, either MIZ1 or SnRK2.2, with
different «switches» to control the activation
of the
gene in specific layers
of the root,» Nottingham's Daniela Dietrich explains to New Atlas.
Scientists have learned how to manipulate this mechanism so that it essentially can be programmed to find and remove a specific
sequence of DNA code — which acts like software for controlling
genes — and replace it with a
different sequence.