Based on data from the European
Social Survey for Austria, Belgium, France, Norway, and Switzerland, three different sets of explanations are tested: (1) hypotheses stressing economic determinants, that is, the fear of wage pressure and competition over welfare benefits; (2) hypotheses emphasizing cultural determinants, that is, the perception of immigration as a threat to national identity; and (3) hypotheses focusing on social alienation, that is, dissatisfaction with the way the country's democracy works and the nonintegration into intermediary networks (trade un
Social Survey for Austria, Belgium, France, Norway, and Switzerland, three
different sets of explanations are tested: (1) hypotheses stressing economic determinants, that is, the fear of wage pressure and competition over welfare benefits; (2) hypotheses emphasizing cultural determinants, that is, the perception of immigration as a threat to national identity; and (3) hypotheses focusing on
social alienation, that is, dissatisfaction with the way the country's democracy works and the nonintegration into intermediary networks (trade un
social alienation, that is, dissatisfaction with the way the country's democracy works and the nonintegration into intermediary
networks (
trade unions).