The results showed that, when applied, a long - term inhibition of Rho - kinase signaling increased the expressions of chondrocyte - specific genes and
differentiation markers in human chondrosarcoma 2/8 cells.
Not exact matches
A short - term inhibition of Rho - kinase failed to induce extracellular matrix production
in fibroblasts or
in HCS - 2 / 8 cells, while its long - term exposure increased the expressions of chondrocyte - specific genes and
differentiation markers, and also promoted the synthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans by chondrocytic cells.
While expression levels of all
marker genes remained almost unchanged
in wild - type ACVR1 cultures compared with the empty viral vector, the expression profile induced by caACVR1 Q207D displayed evidence of advanced chondrogenic
differentiation as shown by decreased levels of the early
differentiation stage
marker collagen type II together with enhanced expression of the later - stage
markers Ihh and collagen type X. Indian hedgehog has been shown previously to be induced by BMP signaling transmitted via the ACVR1 receptor (9).
MyoD is normally only expressed
in skeletal muscle, and it was later found to be a transcription factor involved
in the
differentiation of muscle cells and also a very early
marker of muscle cell fate commitment.
The Intestinal Epithelial Cell
Differentiation Marker ALPi is Selectively Induced by HDAC Inhibitors
in Colon Cancer Cells
in a KLF5 - dependent Manner.
Interestingly, cells from both iPS cell lines expressed early cardiac
differentiation markers and transcription factors, implicating that there could be a lack
in functional cardiomyocyte maturation
in line 4.1.
For definitive endoderm
differentiation, spontaneously formed EBs on day 6 were plated onto matrigel - coated dishes and maintained
in a low concentration of fetal bovine serum (FBS)
in combination with a high concentration of recombinant Activin A. Scale - like cells appeared (Figure 5A), which were positive for definitive endoderm
markers such as Foxa2, Sox17 and Gata4.
The early cardiac
markers and transcription factors (Gata4, Mef2c, Hind I, Nkx2 - 5 and beta - Mhc) were examined
in iPS cell lines 11.1 and 4.1 during the cardiac
differentiation process (
differentiation day 0, day 3, day 6 and day 9).
«The observed increase
in the ratio of cytotoxic CD4 T cells to CD4 helper T cells indicates that they are an important component of the protective immune response to viral infections and that their induction should be an important
marker for successful vaccinations against certain viral diseases,» says postdoctoral researcher and first author Veena Patil, Ph.D. «But we really didn't know enough about their molecular profile and the mechanisms that drive their
differentiation and maintenance.»
In addition, the expression of other germ cell
markers, such as NANOS and PIWIL1 genes, was also up - regulated as the EB
differentiation progressed.
Among the early germ cell
markers examined, VASA is a candidate gene for detecting pre-meiotic germ cell
differentiation from monkey ES cells, because its expression is detected earlier
in the primordial stage of germ cell development
in comparison to that of PIWI family genes
in vivo
in mice and humans [11], [36]--[38], [49].
Genetic studies using samples along the distribution range of both subspecies and based on a few dozen nuclear
markers have revealed loci of relatively high divergence (0.3 — 1.2 %) between subspecies embedded
in a genome otherwise characterized by low levels of
differentiation and high levels of bidirectional gene flow [21], [24]--[26], likely facilitated by high effective population sizes, high dispersal, and a relatively short generation time [21], [24]--[26].
However, these germ cell
marker genes are not appropriate for detecting germ cell
differentiation from mouse and human ES cells because these genes are expressed
in both ES cells and germ cells.
To explore the
differentiation markers for detecting germ cells differentiated from ES cells, the expression of various germ cell
marker genes was examined
in tissues and ES cells of the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).
No significant differences
in genetic diversity were observed among populations by microsatellite
markers with HE ranging from 0.597 to 0.612 and low, but significant, genetic
differentiation among populations (FST = 0.019, P = 0.001).
Here, we used a
marker - free approach to computationally reconstruct the blood lineage tree
in zebrafish and order cells along their
differentiation trajectory, based on their global transcriptional differences.
In order to better understand how the scientists have come to this conclusion, one needs to get familiar with cell
differentiation markers.