Sentences with phrase «direct atmospheric measurements»

with over 90,000 direct atmospheric measurements, with 3 % or better accuracy, of carbon dioxide dating back almost 200 years, why does the ipcc rely on ice core values, a technique that is deeply flawed.

The changes in the atmospheric abundance of individual gases are shown in the lower panels using a combination of direct atmospheric measurements, estimates of historical abundance, and future projections of abundance.

This was the value in 1950, when the direct atmospheric measurement sequence began.

Not exact matches

The work included data from a variety of sources, including national emissions inventories kept by the United Nations, global estimates of energy use and direct measurements of atmospheric CO2 concentrations, and involved dozens of authors from institutes around the world.

If we want to know why SST is changing at observed rates (long term), or why it takes so long for changes in atmospheric dynamics to register fully in the ocean, OHC is critical, but if we simply want to quantify the change, the direct measurements are more appropriate.

We know from direct measurement that there are atmospheric constituents that absorb thermal radiation.

Today we have more accurate series for atmospheric d13C changes than tree rings: ice cores, firn air and direct measurements give a smooth (be it filtered ~ 8 years) indication of historical d13C levels.

For the latter, the analysis of the air entrapped in the ice is the only direct way to determine their concentrations for times before precise routine atmospheric measurements were done, that is, before 1958.

Also, there is paleoclimate data that contradicts the ice - core data, such as Stomata and we have 90,000 direct empirical chemical measurements dating back to 1812 of atmospheric with a 3 % accuracy that depicts CO2 as high as 440ppm (Beck 2007).

If we were to engineer as sudden increase in C12 and C13 — containing CO2 in the atmosphere, then measure the decrease of the atmospheric concentration of these two isotopes over time, we would have answered the basic question above by direct measurement.

The modelers ignored the evidence from direct measurements of CO2 in atmospheric air indicating that in 19th century its average concentration was 335 ppmv [11](Figure 2).

One needs to look at the history of the d13C values: measurements in ice cores, firn and recently direct atmospheric, show a near steady state of d13C levels in the atmosphere of about -6.3 + / - 0.1 per mil in the period before 1850, decreasing faster and faster after 1850 with a d13C level below -8 per mil nowadays.

It's true that if you discard all the data on paleo CO2 from ice cores, and you discard modern direct measurements of CO2 in the atmosphere, then you could assume the existence of a natural increase in atmospheric CO2 greater than the fossil fuel emissions.

The first direct measurements of total gaseous mercury (TGM, including GEM and divalent gaseous mercury species) were reported in the late 1970s during ship cruises across the Atlantic Ocean (7), but real - time atmospheric continuous monitoring at various European and Arctic locations was only initiated in the early 1990s (8).

Reconstructions of the worldwide trend of GEM concentrations have been attempted using all direct measurements of atmospheric GEM available since 1977.

Currently, many observing systems capture elements of how climate is changing, such as direct measurements of atmospheric and ocean temperature.

«Satellites are not a thermometer in space, they're not making direct measurements of atmospheric temperature, they're measuring the microwave emissions from oxygen molecules,» Santer said.