In The Art of
Biblical Narrative, Robert Alter suggests a key to characters» inner thoughts and motivations which would be helpful even to the inexperienced reader of Scripture: first, external details (appearance, clothing, gestures); second, «one character's comments on another»; third, «
direct speech by the character»; fourth, «inward speech...
quoted as interior monologue»; and fifth, «statements by the narrator about the attitudes and intentions of the personages» (pp.116 - 117).