It's worth noting that the calculated totals listed above
combine direct campaign contributions (which are limited by law; see this Washington Post data visualization for only those figures) as well as outside money spent on behalf of candidates from the NRA's PACs and directly from the NRA's 501 (c)(4) social welfare unit.
The U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in the so - called Citizens United case, which allowed almost unchecked independent expenditures by corporations and unions, also made it nearly impossible for candidates to block outside campaign efforts, whether positive or negative —
unlike direct campaign contributions.
«The combination of foundation - funded front - groups, big lobbying budgets, [political action committee] donations, and
direct campaign contributions makes Koch Industries and the Koch brothers among the most formidable obstacles to advancing clean energy and climate policy in the U.S.,» Greenpeace says.
In addition to
direct campaign contributions, campaign finance laws also apply to third - party organizations and nonprofit organizations that seek to influence elections through independent expenditures or issue advocacy.
Singh of Syosset pleaded guilty in October 2016 to bribing Mangano and former Oyster Bay Town Supervisor John Venditto and attempting to bribe de Blasio, to whom Singh said
he directed campaign contributions in exchange for efforts to save the struggling Water's Edge.
The owner of Massey Coal Company spent $ 3 million through
both direct campaign contributions and independent expenditures in favor of Brent Benjamin, a candidate to the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals.