Sentences with phrase «direct measurements of»

I asked whether direct measurements of radiation coming and radiation going out were good enough to come up with the balance 0.85 W / m2 by which the globe ought to be warming according to Hansen.

«Satellites are not a thermometer in space, they're not making direct measurements of atmospheric temperature, they're measuring the microwave emissions from oxygen molecules,» Santer said.

The same is by direct measurements of the solar irradiance on groung by radiometers, pyrometers and pyrgeometers adjusted to measure the solar irradiance EXCLUSIVELY.

Direct measurements of air - sea fluxes are too few to contribute directly to the compilation of the flux field on the global - scale.

Currently, many observing systems capture elements of how climate is changing, such as direct measurements of atmospheric and ocean temperature.

Reconstructions of the worldwide trend of GEM concentrations have been attempted using all direct measurements of atmospheric GEM available since 1977.

The first direct measurements of total gaseous mercury (TGM, including GEM and divalent gaseous mercury species) were reported in the late 1970s during ship cruises across the Atlantic Ocean (7), but real - time atmospheric continuous monitoring at various European and Arctic locations was only initiated in the early 1990s (8).

Hottel gives CO2 emissivity direct from charts based on direct measurements of total emission.

Stomata data are in no way «better» than ice core CO2 data, they are proxy's of local CO2 levels, not like ice cores which are direct measurements of CO2 in the ancient bulk (95 %) of the atmosphere, be it averaged over several years to several centuries, depending of the snow accumulation rate of the ice core.

It's true that if you discard all the data on paleo CO2 from ice cores, and you discard modern direct measurements of CO2 in the atmosphere, then you could assume the existence of a natural increase in atmospheric CO2 greater than the fossil fuel emissions.

There are no direct measurements of solar radiation on climatological time scales, but a variety of circumstantial evidence suggests that longer - term variations do occur, perhaps with larger amplitudes than those found in the two most recent eleven - year Schwabe cycles.

This improved accuracy is especially clear for the sample period that starts in 1960, when direct measurements of greenhouse gas concentrations become available and temperature measures have better coverage and are more reliable.

The North Atlantic is about 5 % of the Earth's surface, and so direct measurements of that small an area aren't going to say much at all about the rest of the planet.

We know it from direct measurements of land and water, from shifts in where animals and plants live, from rapid increases in glacier and ice sheet melt, from sea level rise (due less to melting ice, and more to expansion as the water warms).

Direct measurements of climate conditions collected by thermometers, barometers, rain gauges, and other equipment have been available since the 19th century.

Both of the Nature Climate Change studies used a combination of direct measurements of temperature at various depths, a measurement of the altitude of the top of the ocean (sea level) from highly accurate satellite instruments, and measures of the mass of the water in the ocean, from the GRAIL gravity research project.

But as you state: «the other part of this knowledge consists of direct measurements of the real Earth system».

The evidence comes from direct measurements of rising surface air temperatures and subsurface ocean temperatures and, indirectly, from increases in average global sea levels, retreating glaciers, and changes in many physical and biological systems.

Direct measurements of downward LW and upward LW at points where there is a large difference in water vapour concentration show the opposite.

Direct measurements of the AMOC are only available for the past ten years or so, but Yeager et al. present a combination of observation - and model - based evidence that suggests that the Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC, which is closely related to AMOC) transitioned from a weak state in the 1970s to a strong state in the 1990s and that this strengthening contributed to the accelerated rate of winter sea ice loss that was observed in the late 1990s.

As Willis noted, there are people conflating force with energy with power, LOTS of people who want to include gravity (somehow) in the list of degrees of freedom for a molecule in a gas in spite of the fact that direct measurements of the specific heat show — no gravity contribution (for perfectly understandable reasons).

This report found that direct measurements of methane emissions from 190 onshore natural gas sites in the United States indicate that methane emissions from completed wells are are lower than commonly thought although the report also acknowledged that emissions from pneumatic controllers and other equipment associated with natural gas production facilities were higher than previously estimated.

The modelers ignored the evidence from direct measurements of CO2 in atmospheric air indicating that in 19th century its average concentration was 335 ppmv [11](Figure 2).

Skipmeister seems to like the illusion that the changes in TOA is a better proxy for total energy in or out of the system than actual direct measurements of that energy.

Alec Rawls: Just because we don't have any direct measurements of ocean heat content over this period doesn't mean we can ignore the hysteresis of the oceans, as Leif does.

He decided to use the direct measurements of temperature change from thermometers and instruments rather than indirect data from the tree rings, to cover the period from 1960.

Among the observations reported are reports of warming in the early part of the century and direct measurements of Arctic water temperature by Spielhagen in 2010 who reported temperatures that never had been reached in the previous two thousand years.

By measuring how much of this C - 14 has penetrated into the oceans over the years since the tests, and determining the relationship between the absorption rate of C - 14 and that of CO2, scientists can estimate the rate at which oceans absorb CO2.but direct measurements of how much CO2 the oceans absorb are very uncertain.

Direct measurements of bio-optical as well as physical variables have been made in the warm - water pool of the western Pacific (Siegel et al., 1995; Ohlmann et al., 1998).

There are many more relevant measurements of ocean chemical composition than direct measurements of pH. Something can be concluded from those, but it remains certainly true and acknowledged by marine scientists that much more data is needed to get a full picture of all parts of oceans.

Nonetheless, direct measurements of precipitation and model reanalyses of inferred precipitation indicate that rainfall has also increased over large parts of the tropical oceans.

There are no direct measurements of total climate sensitivity, but this does not seem to deter people from claiming that some value or other is beyond dispute.

Granger testing convection is an interesting idea, but I suspect that there aren't many good direct measurements of convection to work with.

For the time since 2004, for which there are direct measurements of the AMOC from the RAPID array, the downward trend by 3 Sv measured there agrees with our indirect estimate.

Bottom line, the data collected and reported in the UT paper released today in PNAS reflect direct measurements of methane leakage from activities for which there had been no or little data.

A major call from our April 2011 paper was for direct measurements of methane emissions by independent scientists.

This sounds a little complicated for the non experts, but needs to be done since no DIRECT measurements of flow were taken.

As far as this historic period is concerned, the reconstruction of past temperatures based on deep boreholes in deep permafrost is one of the best past temperature proxies we have (for the global regions with permafrost — polar regions and mountainous regions)-- as a signal of average temperatures it's even more accurate than historic direct measurements of the air temperature, since the earth's upper crust acts as a near perfect conservator of past temperatures — given that no water circulation takes place, which is precisely the case in permafrost where by definition the water is frozen.

Re # 42 (Smygga): The second study analyzed direct measurements of the surface (which account for snow accumulation and * minor * loss factors such as surface melt and blowing snow), but used a 1999 study to estimate the major loss factors of iceberg discharge and basal melting.

While the later is useful, as it is all that we have earlier than 1978 or so, direct measurements of irradiance show that the variation is at best 1 part in 1300 over the last forty or so years

Seems quite a bit easier to go with the tidal gauge record; it has its complications, but at least you are starting with reasonably direct measurements of sea level.

Though satellite imagery can not tell us what type of algae is growing, direct measurements of the water show that the bloom in Lake Erie is mostly microcystis aeruginosa, a toxic algae.

Anyone who insists otherwise (that it comes from the ocean — despite the isotopic evidence, budget and direct measurements of increasing ocean carbon) is living in cloud - cuckoo land.

In addition, through direct measurements of teaching practices through classroom observations, the CNA study also found that applicants for Board certification had higher ratings of instructional quality compared to non-applicants.

In current practice, PCSA tends to be estimated based on direct measurements of muscle volume and muscle fiber length, although researchers are working on developing models for more accurate estimations that reduce the effects of these limitations (Lee et al. 2015).

Direct measurements of in vivo tissue proteolysis during short periods (i.e., after meal ingestion) are technically impossible.

This work presents direct measurements of methane emissions from multiple sources at onshore natural gas production sites incorporating operational practices that have been adopted or become more prevalent since the 1990s.

The spacecraft's Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) returned a host of first - ever direct measurements of the components in Saturn's upper atmosphere, which stretches almost to the rings.

IV.Obtain direct measurements of group behavioral changes and stress hormone responses, if any, resulting from experimentally controlled simulated Navy MFAS for three delphinid species that occur in large numbers in Navy range areas, including common dolphins (Delphinus sp.), bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), and Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus).

The force - clamp configuration in which our assay operates allows direct measurements of the load dependence of the lifetimes of single molecular bonds.