Teacher absences, NBER found, «radically reduced... instructional intensity» by creating «discontinuities of instruction [and]
the disruption of regular routines and procedures of the classroom.»
Based on the interpersonal psychotherapy model
of depression and informed by the importance
of regular social rhythms in bipolar disorder, 36 interpersonal and social rhythm therapy explores pathways to relapse, including
disruptions to social and circadian patterns, non-adherence to medication, and stressful life events.37 The model suggests that positive and negative life events can adversely affect circadian rhythms, posing a risk
of recurrence.36 It tackles these issues by establishing
regular routines, exploring interpersonal conflict and addressing issues around social roles, 37 and it seems to have promise in managing bipolar disorder.
Stated differently, if parents who decide to live apart were able to cushion their child from the economic instabilit yand
disruptions in neighborhood ties that often accompany the breakup
of a family, and if single mothers were able to establish and maintain
regular routines and effective systems
of supervision, their children would likely do just as well as children raised in two - parent families.»