The constraining of the
atmospheric model affect the predictions where there are no observations because most of the weather elements — except for precipitation — do not
change abruptly over short
distance (mathematically, we say that they are described by «spatially smooth and slowly
changing functions»).
Three - dimensional (3D) planetary general circulation models (GCMs) derived from the models that we use to project 21st Century
changes in Earth's climate can now be used to address outstanding questions about how Earth became and remained habitable despite wide swings in solar radiation,
atmospheric chemistry, and other climate forcings; whether these different eras of habitability manifest themselves in signals that might be detected from a great
distance; whether and how planets such as Mars and Venus were habitable in the past; how common habitable exoplanets might be; and how we might best answer this question with future observations.