Quebec civil procedure
distinguishes between «declinatory exceptions», which are preliminary motions to stay or dismiss based on absence of personal or subject - matter jurisdiction (compétence)[Quebec Code of Civil Procedure, arts. 163 - 164] and «exceptions to dismiss» (moyens de non-recevabilité), which are motions to stay or dismiss on other grounds: (i) res
judicata or lis pendens, (ii) lack of legal capacity to sue or be sued, (iii) plaintiff's lack of standing, and (iv) no reasonable cause of action [C.C.P., arts. 165 - 167].