But it's becoming increasingly clear that the
effects are serious, and range from momentary unconsciousness, confusion and memory loss — such as that suffered by Kramer — through to whiplash, debilitating headaches, and in the longer term the development
of any number
of emotional
distresses and disorders linked to brain
trauma.
This finding is noteworthy as it demonstrates the cumulative
effect of trauma and its predisposing features to future
distress and function (Sinnerbrink et al., 1997).