Berenson (1990) suggests that «spirituality, as opposed to
religion, connotes a direct, personal experience
of the sacred unmediated by
particular belief systems prescribed by
dogma or by hierarchical structures
of priests, ministers, rabbis, or gurus» (p. 304).
They view
religion as engendering an anti-scientific outlook, one where the whole enterprise
of scientific enquiry is undermined by dogmatism, even if the
particular dogmas are contradicted by scientific fact, such as creationism.