«Our study is unique as it does not only compare
dogs and wolves living under identical conditions, with a same history and training regime,» Bräuer adds, «We also compared dogs living in packs to pets living with their human families.»
Not exact matches
The 25 - person staff lets a variety of pets roam the office, including
dogs, a cat who
lived in - house for a year while its owners moved,
and even a full - fledged, domesticated
wolf.
Nov. 14, 2013 —
Wolves likely were domesticated by European hunter - gatherers more than 18,000 years ago
and gradually evolved into
dogs that became household pets, UCLA
life scientists report.
Sitting in my newly arranged
living room, noshing on a luscious creamy piece of pie
and watching my giant
wolf dog allow my baby to hug his neck,
life doesn't seem like it could get much better.
The discovery, based on DNA evidence
and reported in the Cell Press journal Current Biology on July 30, increases the overall biodiversity of the Canidae — the group including
dogs,
wolves, foxes,
and jackals — from 35
living species to 36.
To be able to compare the behaviour of
dogs and wolves and to investigate the effects of domestication, it is important that the animals
live in the same conditions,» Virányi explains.
ANCIENT RIFT DNA from a
wolf (fossil jaw shown) that
lived in Siberia some 35,000 years ago indicates
dogs and wolves split earlier than thought.
This could mask differences between the
dogs and wolves, such as that
dogs learn more easily about human communication throughout their
lives.»
«Many
dogs maintain their puppy - like enthusiasm for social interactions throughout their
life, whereas
wolves grow out of this behavior
and engage in more mature, abbreviated greetings as they age,» said Monique Udell, who studies animal behavior at Oregon State University
and co-authored the new study.
I
live in Alaska I; m wild
and free i love to work with
and protect
wolves build
and race cars also love working with sled
dogs looking for some body to back a lif long dream
Lupus can develop at any point in a
dog's
life and has a variety of symptoms The Tibetan
wolf (Canis lupus filchneri) is a subspecies of the gray
wolf that is native to China in the regions of Gansu, Qinghai,
and Xichang.
Here's the full list of 142 films that featured on our contributors» ballots: (Disclaimer: Luc Besson's Lucy didn't get a single vote - I just like this image of Scarlett sorting through stuff) 71 1001 Grams 12 Years a Slave 20,000 Days on Earth 22 Jump Street 52 Tuesdays A Girl at my Door A Most Violent Year A Most Wanted Man A Touch of Sin Aberdeen Alleluia American Sniper Birdman Black Coal, Thin Ice Blind Blue Ruin Boyhood Calvary Captain America: The Winter Soldier Casa Grande Chef Citizenfour Climbing to Spring Cold in July Danger 5 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Der Samurai Duke of Burgundy Edge of Tomorrow Electric Boogaloo Enemy Fandry Force Majeure Frank Free Fall From What is Before Giovanni's Island Gone Girl Goodbye to Language Guardians of the Galaxy Haemoo Han Gong - ju Hard to be a God Horse Money Housebound Ida Inherent Vice Interstellar It Follows Jauja Jigarthanda Jodorowsky's Dune John Wick Killers Lady Maiko Les Combattants Leviathan Li'l Quinquin
Life Itself Like Father Like Son Locke Love
and Terror on the Howling Plains of Nowhere Magical Girl Maidan Man From Reno Melbourne Memphis Mommy National Gallery New World Nightcrawler Norte, The End of History Nymphomaniac Of Good Report Only Lovers Left Alive Over Your Dead Body Pale Moon Peaky Blinders Pride R100 Red Army Seven Weeks Sils Maria Snowpiercer Song of the Sea Sorrow
and Joy Spring Stand By Me Doraemon Starred Up Starry Eyes Stray
Dogs Texas Chain Saw Massacre The Act of Killing The Babadook The Dam Keeper The Double The Editor The Grand Budapest Hotel The Great Beauty The Great Passage The Guest The Hobbit The Internet's Own Boy The Kingdom of Dreams
and Madness The Lego Movie The Missing Picture The One I Love The Overnighters The Penguins of Madagascar The Raid 2 The Sacrament The Second Game The Secret
Life of Walter Mitty The Snow White Murder Case The Tale of the Princess Kaguya The Terror
Live The Tribe The Wind Rises The
Wolf of Wall Street The Wonders The World of Kanako These Final Hours They Came Together Tokyo Tribe Tusk Two Days, One Night Under the Skin Wadjda We Are The Best!
48) «Rock
Dog» Smart Rating: 38.39 Release date: Friday, February 24, 2017 Genre: Children, comedy, adventure, music, animated Starring: Luke Wilson, Eddie Izzard, J.K. Simmons Description: For the Tibetan mastiffs on Snow Mountain, a dog's life has a simple riff — guard a peaceful village of sheep from the thuggish wolf Linnux and his rabid pa
Dog» Smart Rating: 38.39 Release date: Friday, February 24, 2017 Genre: Children, comedy, adventure, music, animated Starring: Luke Wilson, Eddie Izzard, J.K. Simmons Description: For the Tibetan mastiffs on Snow Mountain, a
dog's life has a simple riff — guard a peaceful village of sheep from the thuggish wolf Linnux and his rabid pa
dog's
life has a simple riff — guard a peaceful village of sheep from the thuggish
wolf Linnux
and his rabid pack.
Here is the synopsis: «For the Tibetan Mastiffs
living on Snow Mountain, a
dog's
life has a simple riff: Guard a peaceful village of wool - making sheep from the thuggish
wolf Linnux (Lewis Black)
and his rabid pack.
Related Reviews: New to Blu - ray: Jackie Brown • Scrooged • The Tree of
Life • 3 Women (Criterion) • My
Life as a
Dog (Criterion) • Dumbo 1930s Movies: Scarface (1932) • Stagecoach • Snow White
and the Seven Dwarfs • Grand Hotel Charles Laughton: Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) • Salome Richard Arlen: Wings Planet of the Apes (1968) • The Black Hole • Igor • Something Wicked This Way Comes • Teen
Wolf
D - War Steve Jablonsky (2007) ** The Da Vinci Code Hans Zimmer (2006) **** Dad James Horner (1989) **** Damien: Omen 2 Jerry Goldsmith (1978) **** Damnation Alley Jerry Goldsmith (1977) ***** The Damned Frederik Wiedmann (2013) ** Dances with
Wolves John Barry (1990) ***** The Dangerous
Lives of Altar Boys Marco Beltrami (2002) *** Dante's Peak John Frizzell (1997) *** Daredevil Graeme Revell (2003) ** The Dark Edmund Butt (2005) **** The Dark Crystal Trevor Jones (1982) **** The Dark Knight Hans Zimmer
and James Newton Howard (2008) *** The Dark Knight Rises Hans Zimmer (2012) ** Dark Shadows Danny Elfman (2012) *** 1/2 The Dark Tower Tom Holkenborg (2017) * Dark Waves Alexander Cimini (2015) **** 1/2 The Darkest Hour Tyler Bates (2011) No stars Darkness Falls Brian Tyler (2003) **** D.A.R.Y.L. Marvin Hamlisch (1985) *** Dave James Newton Howard (1993) **** David
and Bathsheba Alfred Newman (1951) **** Dawn of the Dragonslayer Panu Aaltio (2011) *** Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Michael Giacchino (2014) *** The Day After Tomorrow Harald Kloser (2004) ** 1/2 The Day the Earth Stood Still Bernard Herrmann (1951) ***** The Day the Earth Stood Still Tyler Bates (2008) ** Days of Heaven Ennio Morricone (1978) ***** Days of Thunder Hans Zimmer (1990) **** De Rouille et d'Os Alexandre Desplat (2012) **** The Dead Alex North (1987) **** Deadline Carlos José Alvarez (2009) **** The Deadly Spawn Michael Perilstein (1983) *** Deadpool Tom Holkenborg (2016) No stars Death Wish Ludwig Göransson (2018) * 1/2 The Debt Thomas Newman (2010) *** The Deep John Barry (1977) ** Deep Blue George Fenton (2004) **** 1/2 Deep Impact James Horner (1998) **** Deep in the Darkness Matthew Llewellyn (2014) **** Deep Rising Jerry Goldsmith (1998) *** 1/2 Deepwater Horizon Steve Jablonsky (2016) No stars Defiance James Newton Howard (2008) *** Deja Vu Harry Gregson - Williams (2006) * Demetrius
and the Gladiators Franz Waxman (1954) **** Demolition Man Elliot Goldenthal (1993) **** The Demons of St Petersburg Ennio Morricone (2008) **** Denial Howard Shore (2016) *** 1/2 Dennis the Menace Jerry Goldsmith (1993) *** The Departed Howard Shore (2006) **** Desire Under the Elms Elmer Bernstein (1958) **** Desirée Alex North (1954) *** 1/2 Despite the Falling Snow Rachel Portman (2016) *** Destiny Michael Salvatori, C. Paul Johnson, Martin O'Donnell
and Paul McCartney (2014) **** The Devil's Brigade Alex North (1968) **** The Devil's Rejects Tyler Bates (2005) * The Devil's Tomb Bill Brown (2009) *** Diamonds are Forever John Barry (1971) **** 1/2 Diane Miklós Rózsa (1956) **** Diary of a Wimpy Kid Theodore Shapiro (2010) *** Dick Tracy Danny Elfman (1990) *** Die Another Day David Arnold (2002) * Die Hard Michael Kamen (1988) *** 1/2 Die Hard 2 Michael Kamen (1990) *** 1/2 Un Difetto di Famiglia Ennio Morricone (2002) *** 1/2 Dignity Éric Neveux (2012) *** 1/2 Dinner for Schmucks Theodore Shapiro (2010) *** Dinosaur James Newton Howard (2000) **** Disclosure Ennio Morricone (1995) ** 1/2 The Disappearance of Garcia Lorca Mark McKenzie (1997) ***** Django Luis Bacalov (1966) ***** Dr Jekyll
and Ms Hyde Mark McKenzie (1995) *** Doctor Strange Michael Giacchino (2016) **** A
Dog's Purpose Rachel Portman (2017) *** Dolphin Tale 2 Rachel Portman (2014) *** Don Juan de Marco Michael Kamen (1995) ***** Donnie Brasco Patrick Doyle (1997) ** Don't Be Afraid of the Dark Marco Beltrami
and Buck Sanders (2011) *** 1/2 The Dove John Barry (1974) **** Dracula John Williams (1979) **** Dracula Untold Ramin Djawadi (2014) ** Draft Day John Debney (2014) *** Drag Me to Hell Christopher Young (2009) **** Dragonball: Evolution Brian Tyler (2009) *** 1/2 Dragonfly John Debney (2002) *** 1/2 Dragonheart: A New Beginning Mark McKenzie (2000) **** Drango Elmer Bernstein (1957) **** Dreamcatcher James Newton Howard (2003) * Dreamer John Debney (2005) *** Dreamkeeper Stephen Warbeck (2003) *** Drive Cliff Martinez (2011) *** 1/2 Drive Angry Michael Wandmacher (2011) ** Drop Zone Hans Zimmer (1994) *** A Dry White Season Dave Grusin (1989) **** The Duchess Rachel Portman (2008) *** Duck, You Sucker Ennio Morricone (1971) **** 1/2 Due Cuori, Una Cappella Stelvio Cipriani (1974) *** Duello nel Texas Ennio Morricone (1963) *** Dunkirk Hans Zimmer (2017) ** Duplicity James Newton Howard (2009) *** Dust to Glory Nathan Furst (2005) *** 1/2 Dutch Alan Silvestri (1991) ***
Related Reviews: New: Despicable Me • Yogi Bear's All - Star Comedy Christmas Caper • Easy A 2010 Family Films: Toy Story 3 • Marmaduke • The Spy Next Door • The Karate Kid • The Sorcerer's Apprentice From the Creators of Alpha
and Omega: The Fox
and the Hound • Brother Bear 2 • Bambi II • Dinosaur • The Emperor's New Groove Lady
and the Tramp • Brother Bear • Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs • Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa • The Wild • Bolt Never Cry
Wolf • White Fang • Fantastic Mr. Fox • The Search for Santa Paws • Pom Poko Cloudy With a Chance of Meatballs • Surf's Up • Chicken Little • Valiant • The Penguins of Madagascar: I Was a Penguin Zombie Justin Long's Voice: Planet 51 • Alvin
and the Chipmunks • Alvin
and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel Justin Long: Old
Dogs • Herbie: Fully Loaded • Galaxy Quest Hayden Panettiere: A Bug's
Life • Remember the Titans • Ice Princess Danny Glover: The Shaggy
Dog (2006) • Angels in the Outfield Christina Ricci: Speed Racer • That Darn Cat (1997)
Ptah - hotep, a young peasant boy studying to be a scribe, wants to
live a simple
life in a Nile hut with his lover Kheperren
and their
dog Wolf.
A Partial History of Lost Causes by Jennifer duBois Amelia Anne Is Dead
and Gone by Kat Rosenfield And When She Was Good by Laura Lippman Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk by Ben Fountain Don't Ever Get Old by Daniel Friedman Every Love Story Is a Ghost Story by D.T. Max Happiness Is a Chemical in the Brain by Lucia Perillo HHhH by Laurent Binet Let's Pretend This Never Happened by Jenny Lawson Lots of Candles, Plenty of Cake by Anna Quindlen New Ways to Kill Your Mother by Colm Tóibín No One is Here Except All of Us by Ramona Ausubel Red Ruby Heart in a Cold Blue Sea by Morgan Callan Rogers Say Nice Things About Detroit by Scott Lasser Tell the Wolves I'm Home by Carol Rifka Brunt The End of Your Life Book Club by Will Schwalbe The Liar, the Bitch and the Wardrobe by Allie Kingsley The People of Forever Are Not Afraid by Shani Boianjiu There Is No Dog by Meg Rosoff This Book Is Full of Spiders: Seriously, Dude, Don't Touch It by David Wong This Is How You Lose Her by Junot Díaz What We Talk About When We Talk About Anne Frank by Nathan Englander Where'd You Go, Bernadette by Maria Semple Why Be Happy When You Could Be Norm
and Gone by Kat Rosenfield
And When She Was Good by Laura Lippman Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk by Ben Fountain Don't Ever Get Old by Daniel Friedman Every Love Story Is a Ghost Story by D.T. Max Happiness Is a Chemical in the Brain by Lucia Perillo HHhH by Laurent Binet Let's Pretend This Never Happened by Jenny Lawson Lots of Candles, Plenty of Cake by Anna Quindlen New Ways to Kill Your Mother by Colm Tóibín No One is Here Except All of Us by Ramona Ausubel Red Ruby Heart in a Cold Blue Sea by Morgan Callan Rogers Say Nice Things About Detroit by Scott Lasser Tell the Wolves I'm Home by Carol Rifka Brunt The End of Your Life Book Club by Will Schwalbe The Liar, the Bitch and the Wardrobe by Allie Kingsley The People of Forever Are Not Afraid by Shani Boianjiu There Is No Dog by Meg Rosoff This Book Is Full of Spiders: Seriously, Dude, Don't Touch It by David Wong This Is How You Lose Her by Junot Díaz What We Talk About When We Talk About Anne Frank by Nathan Englander Where'd You Go, Bernadette by Maria Semple Why Be Happy When You Could Be Norm
And When She Was Good by Laura Lippman Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk by Ben Fountain Don't Ever Get Old by Daniel Friedman Every Love Story Is a Ghost Story by D.T. Max Happiness Is a Chemical in the Brain by Lucia Perillo HHhH by Laurent Binet Let's Pretend This Never Happened by Jenny Lawson Lots of Candles, Plenty of Cake by Anna Quindlen New Ways to Kill Your Mother by Colm Tóibín No One is Here Except All of Us by Ramona Ausubel Red Ruby Heart in a Cold Blue Sea by Morgan Callan Rogers Say Nice Things About Detroit by Scott Lasser Tell the
Wolves I'm Home by Carol Rifka Brunt The End of Your
Life Book Club by Will Schwalbe The Liar, the Bitch
and the Wardrobe by Allie Kingsley The People of Forever Are Not Afraid by Shani Boianjiu There Is No Dog by Meg Rosoff This Book Is Full of Spiders: Seriously, Dude, Don't Touch It by David Wong This Is How You Lose Her by Junot Díaz What We Talk About When We Talk About Anne Frank by Nathan Englander Where'd You Go, Bernadette by Maria Semple Why Be Happy When You Could Be Norm
and the Wardrobe by Allie Kingsley The People of Forever Are Not Afraid by Shani Boianjiu There Is No
Dog by Meg Rosoff This Book Is Full of Spiders: Seriously, Dude, Don't Touch It by David Wong This Is How You Lose Her by Junot Díaz What We Talk About When We Talk About Anne Frank by Nathan Englander Where'd You Go, Bernadette by Maria Semple Why Be Happy When You Could Be Normal?
But we do take them to
dog parks,
and they DO
live with their «parent alpha» until they die, both things are unnatural, so once again, we do have to see how they behave in this captivity or domesticated state
and take note on how to handle it better because this is in fact how
dogs live with us in reality, just like those
wolves in captivity.
TBD: Even though they may look like alien
life forms, they are Canids just like
dogs and wolves.
DNA analysis, focusing on differences between
living dog and wolf genomes, seemed to suggest they must have split much more recently — between 11,000
and 16,000 years ago.
Four Seasons Veterinary Specialists is a proud sponsor of the W.O.L.F. Sanctuary, whose mission is to improve the quality of
life for
wolves and wolf dogs through rescue, sanctuary
and education.
Dogs belong to the canidae family of
living things — the family that includes the jackal, the fox
and the
wolf.
Adult female heart worms
live in
dogs, coyotes,
and wolves.
Heartworms
live in the heart
and blood vessels of the lungs of
dogs, cats
and other mammals like
wolves, foxes
and coyotes.
That said, for those of us who have heard again
and again that
dogs are just domesticated
wolves living in a «pack» of humans —
and who hasn't heard that more times than you can count, thanks to the popularization of the concept on TV — it might be helpful to learn all the scientific reasoning behind how
wolves and dogs are different (
and how we misunderstood
wolves and their pack interactions for a very, very long time), why those «alpha
dog» approaches aren't the best way to relate to your
dog (
and in fact, can even cause more problems),
and why alternate approaches like positive reinforcement
and reading the body language of a
dog as a
dog and not a mini
wolf do work.
Maj. Kristen Lasica - Khaner, a base spokeswoman, provided the count after a recent directive from Marine Corps headquarters in Washington banned purebred
and mixed - breed pit bulls, Rottweilers,
wolf hybrids
and any other
dog deemed a risk to people
living in base housing.
The population of heartworms not exposed to the drugs — heartworms
living in wild canids such as
wolves, foxes
and coyotes,
and in untreated domestic
dogs — helps to dilute the heartworm gene pool, keeping the resistant genes from predominating.
Wolves and wild
dogs live in packs.
NOTE: To learn more about newfound scientific research into
wolf and dog group
life and why positive training is a must for pet
dogs today, we invite you to read this informative article.
Alpha is one of those fun words that stick, maybe because it sounds good on tv
and makes a fun story in print where we really get to be in control that has nothing to do in fact with how
wolves or
dogs live.
Dogs lost some of their
wolf traits
and skills to become better suited to
live with their humans.
She appeared as a featured expert on Huffington Post
Live,
Wolf Dog Radio
and PPG World Services.
Although nearly all
wolves are lactose intolerant,
dogs have
lived alongside milking cows as long as humans have,
and were under similar selective pressure to retain lactose tolerance beyond infancy.
The writing partners also wrote Paleo
Dog: Give Your Best Friend a Long
Life, Healthy Weight,
and Freedom from Illness by Nurturing His Inner
Wolf.
A
wolf's
life involves limited contact with other animals, however; after the hunt, the pack plays
and sleeps together, but there is no need for them to cope with interspecies communication
and adjust to a broad
and expanding set of experiences that confront
dogs every day.
Those who
live in tropic or near - tropic climes will see that, as a rule, their
dogs will have less undercoat
and will shed more or less constantly rather than completely «blow» their coats twice a year such as the Shiba, Basenji, Telomian, or other close relative to the
wolf.
Rescue Update O.F.A. Report - through December, 2002 Breed History - Hisar Kalmak Health Canine Teeth by Norma Bennett
Wolf How to Brush Your
Dog ™ s Teeth Q & A with Janice Frache Dental Questions Anatolians at Work The Sheep of Turkey by Catherine de la Cruz Exotic Newcastle Disease Breeding Selecting for Vigor by Suzanne Clothier Around the Ring UKC Champions Show News Training Your
Dog Canine Aggression by Marlene Johnson
Life With An Anatolian Stories
and Photos Member Photos Solid Gold Taking My Time Progress Travel Letters Calendar Information Breeder Ads Enclosure: Membership Application ASDI Code of Ethics
We have to
live with the uncertainty that our
dogs might be eating grass to puke, because his
wolf - brain tells him to, or just because he likes the taste
and enjoys when you pull grass from his ass.
Nicole Wilde, CPDT - KA, is a canine behavior specialist
and the author of 10 books, including her latest, Hit by a Flying
Wolf: True Tales of Rescue, Rehabilitation
and Real
Life with
Dogs and Wolves.
Like all
wolves living in a pack,
dogs must be part of a stable family
and feel safe.
Heartworm disease affects
dogs, cats
and ferrets, but heartworms also
live in other mammal species, including
wolves, coyotes, foxes, sea lions
and — in rare instances — humans.
The ancestors of our domestic canines,
wolves and wild
dogs,
live in a pack, hunt as a team
and raise their young with assistance from others within the family.
A skull specimen dating at 33,000 years old
and found in the Altai mountains of Siberia seems to have more in common with modern
dogs than with
wolves according to
Live Science.
DOMINANCE ISSUES
Dogs are pack animals — just like
wolves —
and throughout their
lives, these animals are in a constant struggle to determine dominance within their pack.
In general, we do have to be cautious about drawing parallels between the social behavior of
wolves and other wild canids vs.
dogs, because we know that there are important genetic behavioral differences — for example, feral
dogs live in much looser social groups than
wolves with members coming
and going frequently,
and do not have a strictly defined social hierarchy.
«Heartworm disease is a serious
and potentially fatal condition caused by parasitic worms
living in the arteries of the lungs
and occasionally in the right side of the heart of
dogs, cats
and other species of mammals, including
wolves, foxes, ferrets, sea lions
and (in rare instances) humans.
After all,
dogs lived for eons without commercial food
and today a Chihuahua is still very much a
wolf on the inside.
▪ HSVB&IRC
and its role in the community ▪ History of the humane movement ▪ Lost & Found Pets - the importance of proper identification ▪ Pets in rental
and condominium housing: How renters
and landlords / HOA's can find common ground ▪
Living with urban wildlife ▪ Resolving nuisance wildlife concerns ▪ Disaster preparation for pets ▪ Pet first aid
and CPR ▪ Spaying / Neutering (Adults
and Children) ▪
Dog bite prevention - for schools, communities, professionals and the general public (Adults and Children) ▪ Problems pertaining to breed - specific legislation ▪ Animal abuse and its link to domestic violence ▪ Animal abuse and its link to child abuse ▪ Animal abuse and its link to school violence ▪ The problem of hybridized pets (wolf / dog and exotic / domestic cats) and exotic pets ▪ Animal hoarding: A community problem ▪ Preventing pet theft ▪ Greyhounds and problems with greyhound racing ▪ Pet - proofing your home ▪ Paws Come with Claws: Scratching behavior in cats and alternatives to declawing ▪ Safe travel with pets ▪ Pets and the military (what to do if deployed) ▪ General issues pertaining to humane care of companion anim
Dog bite prevention - for schools, communities, professionals
and the general public (Adults
and Children) ▪ Problems pertaining to breed - specific legislation ▪ Animal abuse
and its link to domestic violence ▪ Animal abuse
and its link to child abuse ▪ Animal abuse
and its link to school violence ▪ The problem of hybridized pets (
wolf /
dog and exotic / domestic cats) and exotic pets ▪ Animal hoarding: A community problem ▪ Preventing pet theft ▪ Greyhounds and problems with greyhound racing ▪ Pet - proofing your home ▪ Paws Come with Claws: Scratching behavior in cats and alternatives to declawing ▪ Safe travel with pets ▪ Pets and the military (what to do if deployed) ▪ General issues pertaining to humane care of companion anim
dog and exotic / domestic cats)
and exotic pets ▪ Animal hoarding: A community problem ▪ Preventing pet theft ▪ Greyhounds
and problems with greyhound racing ▪ Pet - proofing your home ▪ Paws Come with Claws: Scratching behavior in cats
and alternatives to declawing ▪ Safe travel with pets ▪ Pets
and the military (what to do if deployed) ▪ General issues pertaining to humane care of companion animals