Although risks are distributed across all levels of
economic development, wealthy countries effectively limit their present - day
threat by gross
domestic product — enabled infrastructure and coastal defense investments.
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Domestic violence can also include
threats to harm children, other members of a family, pets and property...
Domestic violence can also take the form of psychological / emotional abuse, verbal abuse, and
economic / financial abuse.»
Domestic violence has many forms including physical aggression (hitting, kicking, biting, shoving, restraining, slapping, throwing objects), or
threats thereof; sexual abuse; emotional abuse; controlling or domineering; intimidation; stalking; passive / covert abuse (e.g., neglect); and
economic deprivation.
Abusers often employ a variety of tactics in their quest to control their targets, including physical abuse (e.g., pushing, hitting, choking), sexual abuse (e.g., forced sexual activities), emotional abuse (e.g., name - calling, insults, public or private humiliation),
economic abuse (e.g., controlling finances, preventing the partner from having a job), coercion and
threats (e.g., threatening to harm or leave the partner), intimidation (e.g., destroying the partner's property, harming the partner's pet), social isolation (e.g., monitoring or limiting the partner's social contacts and outside activities), and denial (e.g., denying or minimizing the abuse, blaming the partner for the abuse)(see Hines, Brown, & Dunning, 2007; National
Domestic Violence Hotline, 2015; Pence & Paymar, 1993; U.S. Department of Justice, 2008, 2014).