The panexperientialist version of physicalism does justice to this fact by portraying the mind in each moment (that is,
each dominant occasion of experience) as having both a physical pole, which is constituted by the causal influences from the physical environment, and a mental pole, which entertains ideal possibilities, including logical, ethical, and aesthetic norms.
To understand what is peculiar to the Buddhist structure of existence, it was necessary to concentrate attention on the relation of
each dominant occasion of human experience to the predecessor and successor occasion together with which it constituted a soul.
We have to do with a much more complex operation of
the dominant occasion of experience, an operation of interpretation and organization rather than simply of passive reception and transmission.
Thus even for
the dominant occasion of experience, unconsciousness is the basic mode of its being.
The dominant occasion of experience is related not only to the other occasions jointly constituting the physical organism, such as the entities making up the brain, but also to past dominant occasions of experience in the same organism.
Ontologically speaking,
the dominant occasion of experience is not different from the other occasions of experience with which it jointly constitutes the psychophysical animal organism.
Whitehead's system is able to encompass the results, however: while the actual occasions constituting the central nervous system of bees are certainly of a lower degree of complexity than that of mammals, a bee brain contains thousands of interactive neurons, so that there is no a priori reason why
the dominant occasion of the bee may not be capable of complex experiences in situations relevant to the bees» survival.
Introspective self - consciousness involves causal objectification by
the dominant occasion of some of the unimaginably large number of concreta making up the human mind / brain, including what can be called the subordinate nonconscious living persons responsible for our habitual behavior, that is, sub-personalities (RHNB 148f).
However, much of its functioning does not require consciousness and not
all dominant occasions of experience participate in consciousness at all.
Also in the case of animals, it is often best to speak of
dominant occasions of experience to refer to that entity which in man is organized as soul.
Nevertheless, a clear difference exists, and it is possible to formulate the distinctive role and structure of
the dominant occasions of experience in the two cases in the categories worked out in the preceding chapter.
To whatever extent in primitive men or young children
dominant occasions of experience are determined more by new stimuli received through the body than by continuity with past dominant occasions, the requisite identity through time is lacking.
One way of distinguishing among souls is according to the significance to the individual
dominant occasions of their serial connectedness with each other.
If the dominant occasion in my body began to «remember» the past
dominant occasions of another body and to fail to remember its own, my definition would require that it be regarded as a continuation of the other person.
The dominant occasions of the animal, on the other hand, have serial or personal order of the kind definitive of enduring objects, thereby maintaining a high degree of continuity through time.
The panexperientialist version of physicalism can affirm this belief because its «physical entities» are phyk4 - riseatd entities, and because there are various levels of such entities, one level of which is that of
the dominant occasions of experience constituting the human mind.
Not exact matches
Equivalently, then, that successor presiding
occasion prehends the mentality
of its predecessor (s) in the
dominant subsociety, not directly through spatial contiguity, but through the patterns
of activity already present both in the brain as its immediate environment and in the entire organism as its overall field
of activity.
One might counterargue, to be sure, that the unity
of the cell is manifestly more than what a nonsocial nexus
of living
occasions can provide; only a personally ordered society
of dominant occasions can «do the job.»
For, even here where a set
of dominant occasions is clearly operative, the agency
of the structured society is a genuinely collective agency, not just the agency
of its
dominant subsociety.
To sum up, then, Wolf's article is important because it represents a «halfway house» between the traditional conception
of a society as an aggregate
of actual
occasions with the
dominant occasion providing the unity for the group and my own contention that every society, whether it contains a presiding
occasion or not, possesses an objective unity in virtue
of the dynamic interrelatedness
of its constituent
occasions from moment to moment.
This is his own model
of societies as a «nested hierarchy,» but without the further qualification that the
dominant occasion somehow acts as the field or interstitial space for the subordinate
occasions.
In making this connection, he is implicitly following Hartshorne and others in thinking that the unity
of a structured society is the unity provided by its
dominant occasion.
But it would allow Whiteheadians to affirm the unitary reality
of atoms and molecules simply as democratically organized societies
of occasions rather than as mini-organisms requiring a
dominant subsociety
of occasions for their ontological cohesiveness.
Hence, while the presiding
occasion contributes more to the unity
of the society than any
of the subordinate
occasions, the objective unity
of the society is still provided by all
of the
occasions acting in concert, not by the
dominant occasion alone.
For, while Hartshorne allowed for the reality
of structured societies and only specified that their unity as compound individuals was effected through the presence and activity
of a
dominant personally ordered subsociety, Ford equivalently wants to eliminate the reality
of structured societies altogether, at least insofar as they function as compound individuals rather than as simple aggregates
of occasions.
In the case
of microbes which feed on humans, a society with limited potential for intensity
of experience may achieve a measure
of endurance by destroying societies
of occasions which form the necessary environment for
dominant human
occasions of greater potential intensity
of experience.
To be specific, a human being or higher - order animal organism is an ongoing subject
of experience in and through its
dominant subsociety
of occasions; but the coordination therewith required to sustain the flow
of consciousness can only be achieved through the collaboration and coordination
of millions
of sub-fields
of activity, subordinate layers
of social order, within the organism.
Only the series
of dominant occasions known as the soul is a separate society, i.e., a set
of personally ordered
occasions which provide continuity in time for the patterns already generated in large part by nexus
of living
occasions within the field
of activity proper to the brain.
Therein he proposed that the
dominant occasion constituting the soul at any given moment must prehend and coordinate within its own concrescence the data available to all the members
of its supporting nonsocial nexus.
My disagreement with Wolf, then, is not with the use
of field - imagery as such to describe a structured society, but rather with the identification
of the field with the
dominant occasion.
Here Wolf is simply following the lead
of those Whiteheadians who, consciously or unconsciously, ascribe the unity
of a structured society to the
dominant occasion within the society.
In both situations, we are supposing that the
dominant thread
of occasions has become a thread
of the «nonsocial» nexus which is experiencing heightened intensity
of feeling.
The
dominant occasion would have too burdensome a job if it alone were responsible for the integration
of bodily experience.
The normal interplay
of habit and novelty, which we have explained in terms
of the relation between the
dominant occasion and the supportive
occasions, is disturbed.
The entertainment
of a stimulus within a grouping
of occasions furnishes a dim background which may in its turn be vivified by a
dominant occasion.
The question
of whether the
dominant thread
of occasions controls the body can not be answered by a simple yes or no.
Further, the transmission within the body is one which introduces increased emphasis from
occasion to
occasion as the experience rises to the level
of the final percipient, which we maintain need not be a member
of the
dominant nexus.
Although these may be the
dominant parts
of the world
of the new
occasion of experience, they do not exhaust it.
The «movement»
of the
dominant occasion is its fixing
of attention upon particular threads
of occasions which are enjoying some satisfactions successively.
This is clear when Cobb argues against Sherburne that even the visual field would have to be organized by the
dominant occasion: «Probably we must be held to see different parts
of the visual field successively, perhaps one color at a time» (PS 3:28).
Empirically, we find that behavior does not become random in the absence
of a
dominant occasion, but merely loses its novel character and becomes ritualized.
Focussing
of attention is possible because the
dominant occasion is able to stage its own contrasts among other threads
of inheritance.
Both Cobb and Sherburne try to unify human experience within the
dominant thread
of occasions, but our supposition is that the unity
of many bodily experiences occurs within threads
of nondominant
occasions within the supposedly nonsocial nexus.
This answers Cobb's objection to the Hermes - quality
of the
dominant occasion, as it supposedly races around the brain.
Our interpretation
of the statement that «Life is a passage from physical order to pure mental originality» (PR 164) is that the initiatives within the
dominant nexus
of occasions are canalized in the supportive nexus by way
of threads
of inheritance, so that personal mentality may combine originality
of response with an adequate order upon which it depends.
The individuality
of enjoyment in the momentarily
dominant occasion is a shaping
of the various activities
of a mental environment into an esthetic pattern.
Inevitably, the orthodox expressions
of Christianity abandoned an eschatological ground, and no doubt the radical Christian's recovery
of an apocalyptic faith and vision was in part
occasioned by his own estrangement from the
dominant and established forms
of the Christian tradition.
Here order appears as a state
of affairs in which the supportive structured society is adapted to prevailing circumstances such that the
dominant ideal
of its personal strand
of mental
occasions is least frustrated by the actual world
of its environment.
The mental pole
of complex presiding
occasions permits great individual initiative to be expressed with unrivalled intensity, originality, and depth, all because their
dominant strands are nestled in a structured subservient hierarchy
of societies.
Consequently whenever one actual
occasion is earlier than another — and they both are members
of these
dominant societies — there is a space - time distance between them.