A key difference, however, is that Dolly's
donor cell came from adult udder cells growing in lab dishes (see ScienceNOW, 24 February), while the donor cells used to create the monkey clones came from early embryos.
Not exact matches
Researchers infuse the patient with the organ
donor's bone marrow in hopes that the
donor's immune
cells will teach the host to tolerate the transplant;
donor immune
cells that
come along with the transplanted organ also, some contend, can teach tolerance.
The stem
cells used to treat Paizley, specific to the blood,
came from the bone marrow of a healthy adult
donor.
Ildstad and her colleagues report that five of eight people who underwent the treatment were able to stop all immunosuppressive therapy within a year after their kidney and stem -
cell transplants, four of which
came from unrelated
donors.
In general, founder
cells are easy to acquire from a
donor and
come in one of four types: fibroblasts, keratinocytes, peripheral and umbilical cord blood, and dental pulp
cells.
His hypothesis, essentially, is that the body
comes to terms with «other» by dealing with it in an incremental way, by
coming to see some circu?lating
donor cells as «self» and paving the way for acceptance on a larger scale.
In order for all of the clones to have been exact copies of each other, the egg
cells would have had to have
come from the same female
donor.
It
comes as a surprise to many patients in need of a stem
cell transplant that approximately 70 % of patients do not have a matching
donor in their family.
Ultimate use of newborn stem
cells will be determined by the treating physician who will consider if they are applicable for the condition and should
come from the patient or a suitable
donor (siblings of the same biological parents have a 25 % chance of being a perfect match and a 50 % chance of being a partial match; biological parents will always be a partial match).
Patients receive one of two types of stem
cell - based transplants: autologous, in which a patient donates and receives back his / her own stem
cells; or allogeneic, in which bone marrow - derived stem
cells come from a related or unrelated
donor whose human leukocyte antigens (HLA) are genetically matched with those of a patient.
When T
cells were donated by young mice, the anti-NP response in GC was dominated by the canonical V186.2 gene, even if the responder B
cells came from aged
donors.
Treatments are limited — some patients receive transplants of stem
cells found in bone marrow from which blood
cells develop, but
donors are hard to
come by and the procedure holds risky complications for recipients.
Farm raised dogs were frequently used as surrogates and egg
cell donors as that industry
came into existence — not to produce meat, but to allow bereaved pet owners to get laboratory - made duplicates of their dogs.