More clues for understanding the casein - cancer research come from another Indian study — this one published in the late 1980s, and examining the effects of protein in aflatoxin - exposed monkeys instead of rats.14 As with Campbell's experiments, the monkeys were fed diets containing either 5 percent or 20 percent casein, but with one important difference: instead of being slammed with an astronomically (and unrealistically) high
dose of aflatoxin, the monkeys were exposed to lower, daily doses — mimicking a real - world situation where aflatoxin is consumed frequently in small amounts from contaminated foods.
If your friend offered you peanut butter sandwiches with 100 grams worth of peanut butter contaminated with the maximum amount of aflatoxin allowed by the FDA, you'd only have to eat 270,000 peanut butter sandwiches for four days to obtain
the dose of aflatoxin that produced a «barely detectable response» in Campbell's study.
Chris Masterjohn has noted that in rats given a low
dose of aflatoxin daily, after six months all rats on a 20 percent protein diet were still alive, but half the rats on a 5 percent protein diet had died.
Indeed, the researchers weren't pulling our legs: This study really did show that a low - protein diet was both more «cancer promoting» and more deadly than a high - protein diet when
the dose of aflatoxin was lower.
In these studies, a chronic low
dose of aflatoxin produced precancerous lesions in monkeys fed 5 % casein but not in those fed 20 % casein; a chronic medium dose saved the low - protein monkeys from precancerous lesions by — yup, you guessed it — killing them, while the high - protein monkeys suffered neither plight; and a chronic high dose was finally able to give the high - protein monkeys pre-cancerous lesions.
Yet he and his graduate student George Dunaif asked the question, «at what
dose of aflatoxin does protein begin to promote cancer?»
Both of these studies involved an «initiation» period that preceded and coincided with an acute
dose of aflatoxin and a «promotion» period that followed.
Madhavan and Gopalan (1968) fed rats a daily
dose of aflatoxin with either 5 % (LP) or 20 % (HP) casein.
The results suggested that low
doses of aflatoxin were both more toxic and more carcinogenic to monkeys fed low - protein diets.
High
doses of aflatoxin, by contrast, would cause cancer in the monkeys gorging out on protein and just kill the others.
Large enough
doses of aflatoxin are a liver carcinogen in high doses (it's actually what T. Colin Campbell used to induce liver cancer in mice during his China Study crusade to indict animal protein).
In the late 1980s, more researchers from India were conducting experiments with casein and cancer — but this time used different
doses of aflatoxin, and studied rhesus monkeys instead of rats.
With more realistic
doses of aflatoxin, protein is actually tremendously protective against cancer, while protein - restricted diets prove harmful.
Not exact matches
In more realistic models where the rats were
dosed with smaller (but still large) amounts
of aflatoxin every day, the low - protein diets proved fatal, even in adulthood.
Relative Contribution
of Dietary Protein Level and
Aflatoxin B1
Dose in Generation
of Presumptive Preneoplastic Foci in Rat Liver.
Effect
of Low Protein Diet on Low
Dose Chronic
Aflatoxin B1 Induced Hepatic Injury in Rhesus Monkeys.
We investigated this question by giving two groups
of rats either a high -
aflatoxin dose or a low -
aflatoxin dose, along with a standard baseline diet.
The model
of aflatoxin -
dosing used in these studies, discussed in more detail below, was much more realistic than the model used in most
of Campbell's studies, and thus the balance
of the evidence suggests that adequate protein likely offers very powerful protection against cancer in someone who hasn't already developed the disease.
Effect
of High and Low Dietary Protein on the
Dosing and Postdosing Periods
of Aflatoxin B1 - induced Hepatic Preneoplastic Lesion Development in the Rat.
The results
of this earlier experiment were published in a paper called «Effect
of Low Protein Diet on Low
Dose Chronic
Aflatoxin B1 Induced Hepatic Injury in Rhesus Monkeys» in 1989.
When rats were all fed 20 % casein, the
dose that provided the maximal cancer - promoting effect, those
dosed with 0.4 milligrams per kilogram body weight (0.4 mg / kg) or 1.0 mg / kg
of aflatoxin failed to develop any pre-cancerous lesions at all.
1983 May; 43 (5): 2150 - 4 Effect
of high and low dietary protein on the
dosing and postdosing periods
of aflatoxin B1 - induced hepatic preneoplastic lesion development in the rat)
The rats were given humongous liver - destroying
doses of the liver toxin to show that it was not the
aflatoxin that caused the cancer; no, only the rats who got both the
aflatoxin and the animal protein got the cancer.
Dr. Campbell and one
of his undergraduate students co-authored a paper in 1989 in which all the rats were
dosed with
aflatoxin early on and were all fed 20 % casein diets while
aflatoxin was still in their systems (7).
«Effect
of low protein diet on low
dose chronic
aflatoxin B1 induced hepatic injury in rhesus monkeys.»
For instance, it would be unethical to
dose a group
of volunteers with high - cholesterol foods to see if they had more heart attacks, or to feed them high
doses of the fungal poison
aflatoxin to determine whether they suffered more cases
of liver cancer.