Normally, the front axle is the primary
drive axle in the Passat Alltrack 4MOTION; while the rear axle only gets ten per cent of the drive torque, saving on fuel.
The front
drive axle in the new BMW 2 Series Active Tourer has undergone extensive fine - tuning, ensuring that it endows the car with optimum driving dynamics and wonderfully precise steering feedback.
Putting
the drive axles in the back improves the weight balance and takes a load off the front tires, which don't have to steer and propel the car.
Not exact matches
This means it follows the Mercedes - AMG E63
in going four - wheel
drive (with the same ability to send all the torque to the rear
axle for the ultimate
in accelerated tyre wear), while its predecessor's twin turbocharged 4.4 - litre V8 has been heavily tweaked to the tune of 592bhp.
This gas engine sends 185 hp and 185 lb - ft of torque to the front wheels, while the «e-AWD» moniker refers to a small, 35 - hp electric motor
in the rear
axle that gives the Trail» ster all - wheel -
drive traction and a system total of 220 hp.
In some vehicles the hand brake operates on a
drive shaft which means both wheels on that
axle need to be on the ground for it to work, lifting one would allow an open differential to rotate.
The car also returned from transverse to an Audi - like longitudinal engine layout,
in which the engine is arranged perpendicularly to the
drive axles.
Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of the latest E63 is its 4 - MATIC four - wheel
drive system, which on top spec 603bhp S versions features the hooligan «Drift Mode», which essentially disconnects the front
axle and allows you to vaporize a set of Michelins
in minutes.
So rather than trying to send much of the 510 lb - ft of torque to the rear
axle, I concentrated on enjoying the smooth shifts available from the short - throw, six - speed gearbox, which is a great box but, I might offer, no better than the one
in the Roush Mustang that we
drove a few months ago.
As well as introducing a
driven front
axle, it's also the debut of the wider 991 bodyshell — as before, an extra 44 mm across the hips — that will also be used
in future Turbo and RS high performance 911s.
In gentle
driving, the rear wheels are disconnected to save fuel, but hard acceleration can force almost 100 percent of engine torque to the rear
axle.
In aggressive driving, 335i drivers might notice the hybrid's additional mass in the rear — the ActiveHybrid 3's lithium - ion battery resides behind the rear axle, and the weight makes itself known in the form of a vintage Porsche 911 - like pendulum effect if you turn in very quickl
In aggressive
driving, 335i drivers might notice the hybrid's additional mass
in the rear — the ActiveHybrid 3's lithium - ion battery resides behind the rear axle, and the weight makes itself known in the form of a vintage Porsche 911 - like pendulum effect if you turn in very quickl
in the rear — the ActiveHybrid 3's lithium - ion battery resides behind the rear
axle, and the weight makes itself known
in the form of a vintage Porsche 911 - like pendulum effect if you turn in very quickl
in the form of a vintage Porsche 911 - like pendulum effect if you turn
in very quickl
in very quickly.
The new rear -
drive model also benefits from revised styling, with wider intakes at the front to increase downforce over the front
axle, new rear bumper and exhausts and unique 19 - inch «Kari» alloys wrapped
in bespoke P Zeros that have been developed specifically for this «fun» new model.
Even though this Miata's six - speed manual transmission has a fairly tall ratio
in sixth gear for highway cruising, the rear
axle's final -
drive ratio is fairly short to enhance acceleration, so the Miata's 2.0 - liter inline - 4 engine spins above 3000 rpm at ordinary cruising speed and close to 4000 rpm if you're brave with speed limits.
As the propshaft is being constantly
driven, as soon as the clutch packs
in the rear
axle begin to close they immediately send torque to the rear wheels.
If you like the experience of a front - wheel
drive car, the 308 offers all the sensations you'll be familiar with — its passive dampers, mechanical locking differential, torsion beam rear
axle and Michelin Pilot Super Sport tyres combine to make a car that behaves
in such a predictable manner.
MSRP (with destination): $ 31,970 PRICE AS TESTED: $ 37,805 ENGINE: 3.6 - liter DOHC V - 6 Horsepower: 285 hp @ 6400 rpm Torque: 260 lb - ft @ 4800 rpm TRANSMISSION: 5 - speed automatic
DRIVE: Four - wheel WHEELS AND TIRES: 18 - inch aluminum wheels 255 / 70SR -18 Bridgestone Dueler A / T tires FUEL ECONOMY (city / highway / combined): 16/20/18 mpg CURB WEIGHT: 4294 lb CAPACITIES: Doors / Passengers: 4/5 Cargo (rear seats up / down): 46.4 / 86.8 cu ft Legroom (front / rear): 41.0 / 37.2 in Headroom (front / rear): 41.3 / 40.4 in Towing: 2000 lb EXTERIOR / INTERIOR COLOR: Black / Black STANDARD FEATURES: 6 - speed manual transmission Stability and traction control Hill start assist Roll mitigation Part - time four - wheel drive 3.21 rear axle ratio Transfer case and fuel tank skid plates Cruise control 115V auxiliary power outlet Air conditioning 7 - speaker Infinity audio system w / subwoofer Auxiliary audio jack SiriusXM satellite radio w / one - year subscription Tilt steering wheel Temperature gauge and compass Leather - wrapped steering wheel w / audio controls Height - adjustable driver's seat 60 / 40 - split folding rear seats Rear compartment covered storage OPTIONS ON THIS VEHICLE: Altitude Edition - $ 2995 18 - inch painted aluminum wheels Black Jeep grille badge Front and rear bumper body - color appliques Gloss black interior accents Red interior stitching accents Altitude floor mats and hood decal Heated front seats Body - color 3 - piece hardtop Mopar fuel filler door Freedom panel storage bag Rear window washer, wiper, and defroster Connectivity group - $ 385 USB port Electronic vehicle information center UConnect voice control w / Bluetooth 5 - speed automatic transmission - $ 1125 Hill descent control Track - Lok rear limited slip differential - $ 295 UConnect 430N - $ 1035 40 GB hard drive w / 28 available GB SiriusXM travel link w / one - year subscription 6.5 - inch touchscreen display Navigation KEY OPTIONS NOT ON THIS VEHICLE: Dual top group - $ 890 Trailer tow group - $ 295 3.73 rear axle ratio - $ 95 ADDITIONAL SPECS: This is the one of the top - tier Wrangler Unlimited trim levels, only trumped in price by the «Call of Duty: MW3 Edition» Wrangler Unlimited m
DRIVE: Four - wheel WHEELS AND TIRES: 18 - inch aluminum wheels 255 / 70SR -18 Bridgestone Dueler A / T tires FUEL ECONOMY (city / highway / combined): 16/20/18 mpg CURB WEIGHT: 4294 lb CAPACITIES: Doors / Passengers: 4/5 Cargo (rear seats up / down): 46.4 / 86.8 cu ft Legroom (front / rear): 41.0 / 37.2
in Headroom (front / rear): 41.3 / 40.4
in Towing: 2000 lb EXTERIOR / INTERIOR COLOR: Black / Black STANDARD FEATURES: 6 - speed manual transmission Stability and traction control Hill start assist Roll mitigation Part - time four - wheel
drive 3.21 rear axle ratio Transfer case and fuel tank skid plates Cruise control 115V auxiliary power outlet Air conditioning 7 - speaker Infinity audio system w / subwoofer Auxiliary audio jack SiriusXM satellite radio w / one - year subscription Tilt steering wheel Temperature gauge and compass Leather - wrapped steering wheel w / audio controls Height - adjustable driver's seat 60 / 40 - split folding rear seats Rear compartment covered storage OPTIONS ON THIS VEHICLE: Altitude Edition - $ 2995 18 - inch painted aluminum wheels Black Jeep grille badge Front and rear bumper body - color appliques Gloss black interior accents Red interior stitching accents Altitude floor mats and hood decal Heated front seats Body - color 3 - piece hardtop Mopar fuel filler door Freedom panel storage bag Rear window washer, wiper, and defroster Connectivity group - $ 385 USB port Electronic vehicle information center UConnect voice control w / Bluetooth 5 - speed automatic transmission - $ 1125 Hill descent control Track - Lok rear limited slip differential - $ 295 UConnect 430N - $ 1035 40 GB hard drive w / 28 available GB SiriusXM travel link w / one - year subscription 6.5 - inch touchscreen display Navigation KEY OPTIONS NOT ON THIS VEHICLE: Dual top group - $ 890 Trailer tow group - $ 295 3.73 rear axle ratio - $ 95 ADDITIONAL SPECS: This is the one of the top - tier Wrangler Unlimited trim levels, only trumped in price by the «Call of Duty: MW3 Edition» Wrangler Unlimited m
drive 3.21 rear
axle ratio Transfer case and fuel tank skid plates Cruise control 115V auxiliary power outlet Air conditioning 7 - speaker Infinity audio system w / subwoofer Auxiliary audio jack SiriusXM satellite radio w / one - year subscription Tilt steering wheel Temperature gauge and compass Leather - wrapped steering wheel w / audio controls Height - adjustable driver's seat 60 / 40 - split folding rear seats Rear compartment covered storage OPTIONS ON THIS VEHICLE: Altitude Edition - $ 2995 18 - inch painted aluminum wheels Black Jeep grille badge Front and rear bumper body - color appliques Gloss black interior accents Red interior stitching accents Altitude floor mats and hood decal Heated front seats Body - color 3 - piece hardtop Mopar fuel filler door Freedom panel storage bag Rear window washer, wiper, and defroster Connectivity group - $ 385 USB port Electronic vehicle information center UConnect voice control w / Bluetooth 5 - speed automatic transmission - $ 1125 Hill descent control Track - Lok rear limited slip differential - $ 295 UConnect 430N - $ 1035 40 GB hard
drive w / 28 available GB SiriusXM travel link w / one - year subscription 6.5 - inch touchscreen display Navigation KEY OPTIONS NOT ON THIS VEHICLE: Dual top group - $ 890 Trailer tow group - $ 295 3.73 rear axle ratio - $ 95 ADDITIONAL SPECS: This is the one of the top - tier Wrangler Unlimited trim levels, only trumped in price by the «Call of Duty: MW3 Edition» Wrangler Unlimited m
drive w / 28 available GB SiriusXM travel link w / one - year subscription 6.5 - inch touchscreen display Navigation KEY OPTIONS NOT ON THIS VEHICLE: Dual top group - $ 890 Trailer tow group - $ 295 3.73 rear
axle ratio - $ 95 ADDITIONAL SPECS: This is the one of the top - tier Wrangler Unlimited trim levels, only trumped
in price by the «Call of Duty: MW3 Edition» Wrangler Unlimited model.
Nissan does have a more refined multi-link suspension arrangement than the simplistic torsion beam rear
axle found
in our tester, but offers it only on all - wheel -
drive Jukes.
Single -
driven axle rivals come
in the shape of the BMW M140i and the Hyundai i30 N and both offer more on the dynamic front.
When you are
driving in a straight line, the load on the front
axle is shared equally between the two front hubs, so any noises will be low.
The Specs Engines 1.3 L (79 cu
in) SOHC I - 4, 66 hp, 76 lb - ft (1990 - 95) 1.3 L (81 cu
in) SOHC I - 4, 63 - 64 hp, 74 lb - ft (1986 - 89) Transmission 5 - speed manual
Drive Rear - or 4 - wheel Front suspension Live
axle, leaf springs Rear suspension Live
axle, leaf springs Brakes F / R Discs / drums Weight 2100 pounds
There's adjustability
in the handling, though, with the four - wheel -
drive system sending enough torque to the rear
axle to subtly alter your line — it never gets anywhere near wayward, but there's enough movement to warrant seeking out the twistier routes home.
Base Price: $ 847,975 Powertrain Engine: 32 - valve DOHC V - 8 / plug -
in electric hybrid Displacement: 4.6 liters (280 cu
in) Power: 608 hp @ 8700 rpm Torque: 390 lb - ft @ 6600 rpm Motors: Two permanent - magnet AC synchronous Electric output: 129/156 hp (front / rear
axle) Batteries: 6.8 - kWh lithium - ion Total output: 887 hp Transmission: 7 - speed automatic
Drive: 4 - wheel Chassis Steering: Electrically assisted Front suspension: Control arms, coil springs Rear suspension: Multilink, coil springs Brakes: Vented carbon - ceramic discs Tires: Michelin Pilot Sport Cup 2 Tire sizes F, R: 265 / 35R -20 (95Y), 325 / 30R -21 (104Y) Measurements L x W x H: 182.8 x 76.4 x 45.9
in Wheelbase: 107.5
in Track F / R: 65.5 / 63.5
in Weight: 3715 lb Weight dist.
But it's not on this list purely because it will drift, as the rear -
drive format also allows genuine throttle adjustability allowing you use the rear
axle to help steer the car
in the direction you wish.
Drive is sent to all four wheels, of course, but this new RS uses a quattro four - wheel drive system that can send 100 per cent of torque to either axle — although it'll only do so in extreme circumsta
Drive is sent to all four wheels, of course, but this new RS uses a quattro four - wheel
drive system that can send 100 per cent of torque to either axle — although it'll only do so in extreme circumsta
drive system that can send 100 per cent of torque to either
axle — although it'll only do so
in extreme circumstances.
When
driving there is a small difference
in speed between the front and rear
axle, especially
in turns.
The front -
axle tromp was no better here, though, as the all - wheel -
drive Haldex system takes its time
in putting power to the rear.
It may only have 480bhp, but with a host of chassis adjustments — from strut braces to rear
axle location devices — it's the most enjoyable Mustang we've
driven in the UK.
Drive is still sent to all four wheels via a seven - speed S tronic dual - clutch transmission, though the latest setup can now send up to 100 per cent of the car's power to the rear wheels alone,
in certain situations, with a torque vectoring effect through the multi-plate clutch on the rear
axle to also divert power to the wheels with the greatest grip.
(Volkswagen's 4Motion all - wheel
drive normally operates
in front - wheel -
drive mode until the system detects slip, at which point the differential can send 100 percent of available engine torque to the rear
axle.)
Engines laid out on the same side as the
driven axle can reduce the number of couplings and joints like the driveshaft + universal joint and will use a transaxle which is basically a transmission and differential
in one.
An all - wheel -
drive system comprises an electric motor at the front
axle and another at the rear,
in addition to a centrally located battery.
In the late»80s, four - wheel - drive vehicles were simpler machines, often owned by hunters, farmers, and ranchers who didn't mind putting a knee in the dirt to twist their truck's hubs to lock the front axle, but the increased popularity of SUVs and crossovers has led to the democratization of all - wheel drive, giving laypeople the ability to tackle tough terrain as well as the IKEA parking lo
In the late»80s, four - wheel -
drive vehicles were simpler machines, often owned by hunters, farmers, and ranchers who didn't mind putting a knee
in the dirt to twist their truck's hubs to lock the front axle, but the increased popularity of SUVs and crossovers has led to the democratization of all - wheel drive, giving laypeople the ability to tackle tough terrain as well as the IKEA parking lo
in the dirt to twist their truck's hubs to lock the front
axle, but the increased popularity of SUVs and crossovers has led to the democratization of all - wheel
drive, giving laypeople the ability to tackle tough terrain as well as the IKEA parking lot.
The front
axle can mechanically unhook from the rest of the driveline to save a minuscule but still critical 1 mpg when
driving in rear - wheel -
drive mode.
(A couple things of note: the front of the engine is right at the front
axle centerline, so there's no room for a FF - style four - wheel -
drive system — something Ferrari admits it might have considered
in retrospect.
The only upgrade
in the way of performance is the Max Trailering package, which adds a two - speed active transfer case on four - wheel -
drive models, the Z85 Premium Smooth Ride suspension package on LT models, a trailer brake controller, and a 3.42 rear
axle ratio.
There is also an all - wheel -
drive mode that uses the electric motor
in the rear
axle in combination with the gasoline engine that powers the front wheels, and the driver can also choose to save the car's battery power for later electric - only
driving.
The clutch plates
in the four - wheel
drive system now have a higher friction coefficient, which ensures even faster and more precise torque distribution to the front
axle, while the rear
axle still features a torque vectoring differential.
In the space between the passenger compartment and rear
axle sits a 2.5 - litre, turbocharged and dry - sumped flat - four
driving the rear wheels through either a six - speed manual transmission or a seven - speed PDK automatic.
That would mean two electric motors, each of them
driving just one
axle as
in Tesla's Model S P100D.
THE SPECS ENGINES 5.4 L (332 cu
in) OHV V - 8, 225 hp, 325 lb - ft 5.9 L (361 cu
in) OHV V - 8, 303 hp, 390 lb - ft TRANSMISSIONS 3 - speed manual 2 - or 3 - speed automatic
DRIVE Rear - wheel FRONT SUSPENSION Control arms, coil springs REAR SUSPENSION Live
axle, leaf springs BRAKES Drums WEIGHT 3700 — 3800 lb
Note that its never good to have two tires with a difference
in size on the same
axle, but that depends on just how much one of the tires is worn, and makes a bigger difference on a
driven axle.
Curiously, other than
in steady state
driving (when the rear
axle is effectively disconnected
in the name of efficiency) the rear wheels actually rotate slightly faster than the fronts, which is what gives the Ford its rear - wheel
drive feel through the corners.
The all - wheel -
drive system is fitted with a disconnecting rear
axle, allowing the 2016 Fiat 500X to selectively distribute power to the rear wheels as necessary, which improves fuel economy
in the process.
Not only do tires wear out on faster on the
drive axle, they wear differently
in the front and the back.
You have to learn to
drive this car
in a proper way, by loading front
axle just before the turn, to build up grip.
«
In this mode, more
drive torque is directed to the rear
axle, while the amount of permissible rear wheel slip is increased.
In so - called Speed mode (or when the
drive mode is set to Sport +), the two outer parts of the front spoilers extend to send air around the body, which has the dual effect of reducing front
axle lift and pulling air beneath the rear, stabilizing the tail and enabling a low drag setting for better efficiency and higher top speeds.
Harnessing power from the latest
in hybrid technology, its powerplant comprises three electric motors — two of which power the front
axle, one latches onto the engine to
drive the rears — and a twin - turbo V6.
All British S63s will be rear -
drive, but
in left - hand
drive markets Mercedes is now offering the option of a 4 - Matic four - wheel
drive version, which uses a transfer box at the back of the gearbox to split torque between
axles.