That is, GHG are not the only
driver of temperature changes as recorded.
The alternative position to the belief that the primary
driver of temperature changes is the level of CO2 in the atmosphere is not that there are no physical causes of temperature change, but that that are many physical causes.
Models are not built with the «assumption'that CO2 is the primary
driver of temperature change.
Thus, the conceptualization that human activity or CO2 concentration changes are the primary
drivers of temperature changes and sea level rise does not seem to be supported by the geological evidence.
Not exact matches
Sea - surface
temperature is an important
driver of the weather, and because the oceans
change temperature very slowly compared with the air and land, they form a key, predictable component
of seasonal forecasts.
«This underscores that large, sustained
changes in global
temperature like those observed over the last century require
drivers such as increased greenhouse gas concentrations,» said lead author Patrick Brown, a PhD student at Duke's Nicholas School
of the Environment.
Kevin Trenbeth, a climate scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colo., said the study didn't account for
changes in sea surface
temperatures, which are the main
drivers of changes in the position
of the rain belts (as is seen during an El Nino event, when Pacific warming pushes the subtropical jet over the Western U.S. southward).
The researchers also compared phytoplankton's response not only to ocean acidification, but also to other projected
drivers of climate
change, such as warming
temperatures and lower nutrient supplies.
Instead, the web special opened with «Estimates
of future global
temperatures based on recent observations must account for the differing characteristics
of each important
driver of recent climate
change», which sounds a bit ho - hum, if not, well, duh?
CO2 accounts for more than 80 %
of the added GHG forcing in the past 15 years [64], [167] and, if fossil fuel emissions continue at a high level, CO2 will be the dominant
driver of future global
temperature change.
Buttons at the center
of the vents allow the
driver and passenger to
change the
temperature and strength
of the air flow, with small displays in the vents showing the selected mode or
temperature.
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With 755 horsepower the 2019 Chevrolet Corvette zr1 is the most powerful Corvette ever it's also the most technologically advanced behind me are the rolling s's at Road Atlanta and we're here to see if we can reach to the supercar levels
of performance afforded by this thing's massive power big tires and the tall wing on the back after that we'll take to the streets to see if a car this powerful can behave itself in public this is a monster
of a car I've had some brief track opportunities moving this morning to get used to the pace
of this machine which is phenomenal we're gonna warm up as we get out to the road Atlanta and sort
of build up to the pace that this car can operate at now initially when you hop in this car you have this shrine to the engine right above you you see the line
of the hood it kind
of dominates the center
of the view you can see over it it doesn't affect visibility but it's immediately obvious and that kind
of speaks to what makes this car special it's a monster
of an engine listen to that [Music] that is tremendous tremendous acceleration and incredible power but what I finding so far my brief time here at the Atlanta is that everything else in the car is rut has risen to match hurt me while I lay into it on the back straight look you know 150 mile - an - hour indicated we're going to ease up a little bit on it because I need to focus on talking rather than driving but like I was saying the attributes
of the rest
of the car the steering the braking capability the grip every system
of this car is riding to the same level
of the power and I think that's what makes it really impressive initially this is undoubtedly a mega mega fast car but it's one that doesn't terrify you with its performance potential there's a level
of electronic sophistication that is unparalleled at this price point but it's hard not to get you know totally slipped away by the power
of this engine so that's why I keep coming back to it this car has an electronically controlled limited slip differential it has shocks filled with magnetically responsive fluid that can react faster to inputs and everything this car has a super sophisticated stability control system that teaches you how to drive it quick but also makes you go faster we haven't even gotten into exploring it yet because the limits
of this car are so high that frankly it takes a while to grow into it but [Music] I think what's impressive about this car is despite how fast it is it is approachable you can buy this car to track dates with it and grow with it as a
driver and as an owner I think that's a really special [Music] because you will never be more talented than this car is fast ever unless you are a racing
driver casually grazing under 50 miles an hour on this straight okay I'm just going to enjoy driving this now [Music][Applause][Music] this particular Corvette zr1 comes with the cars track performance package a lot
of those
changes happen underneath the sheet metal but one
of the big differences that is immediately obvious is this giant carbon fiber wing now the way this thing is mounted is actually into the structure
of the vehicle and it makes you know loading the rear hatch a bit more difficult but we're assuming that's okay if you're looking for the track performance this thing delivers also giving you that performance are these Michelin Pilot Sport cup tires which are basically track oriented tires that you can drive on the street but as we wake our way to the front
of the thing what really matters is what's under the hood that's right there's actually a hole in the hood
of this thing and that's because this engine is so tall it's tall because it has a larger supercharger and a bunch
of added cooling on it to help it you know keep at the right
temperature the supercharger is way larger than the one on the zo six and it has a more cooling capacity and the downside is it's taller so it pops literally through the hood the cool thing is from the top you can actually see this shake when you're looking at it from you know a camera from the top
of the vehicle this all makes for 755 horsepower making this the most powerful Corvette ever now what's important about that is this not just the power but likewise everything in the car has to be built to accommodate and be able to drive to the level
of speed this thing can develop that's why you had the massive cooling so I had the aerodynamics and that's why I had the electronic sophistication inside [Applause] we had a lot
of time to take this car on the track yesterday and I've had the night to think about things Matt today two crews on the road and see how this extreme performance machine deals with the sort
of more civil minded stuff
of street driving the track impressions remain this thing is unquestionably one
of the most capable cars you can get from a dealer these days a lot
of that's besides the point now because we're on the street we have speed limits they have the ever - present threat
of law enforcement around every corner so the question is what does this car feel like in public when you slow this car down it feels like a more powerful Corvette you don't get much tram lining from these big wheels though we as the front end doesn't want to follow grooves in the pavement it is louder it is a little firmer but it's certainly livable on a day to day basis that's surprising for a vehicle
of this capability normally these track oriented cars are so hardcore that you wouldn't want to drive them to the racetrack but let's face it you spend more time driving to the track than you do on the track and the fact that this thing works well in both disciplines is really impressive I can also dial everything back and cruise and not feel like I'm getting punished for driving a hardcore track machine that's a that's a really nice accomplishment that's something that you won't find in cars that are this fast and costs maybe double this much the engine in this car dominates the entire experience you can't miss the engine and the whole friend this car is sort
of a shrine to it the way it pops out
of the hood the way it's covered with coolers around the sides it is the experience
of this car and that does make driving this thing special and also the fact that it doesn't look half bad either in fact I think it has some
of the coolest looking wheels currently available on a new car this car as we mentioned this car has the track package the track package on this car gives you what they call competition bucket seats which are a little wide for my tastes but I'm you know not the widest person in the world this automatic transmission works well I mean there's so much torque again out
of this engine that it can be very smooth and almost imperceptible its clunky on occasion I think I'd might opt for the manual although Chevy tells me about 80 %
of its customers will go for the automatic I don't think they're gonna be disappointed and that's gonna be the faster transmission drag strip on the street - and on the racetrack man it was a little bit more satisfying to my taste though we've talked about the exhaust I have it set in the track setting let's quiet it down a little bit so you can hear the difference now I've set that separately from everything else so let's put it stealth what happened to the engine sound that's pretty that's pretty amazing man stealth is really stealth and then go back to track Wow actually a really big difference that's that's pretty great the Corvette has always been a strong value proposition and nowhere is that more evident than this zr1 giving you a nearly unbeatable track performance per dollar now the nice thing is on the road this doesn't feel like a ragged edge track machine either you could genuinely drive it every day the compromises are few and that's what makes this car so special if you like what you see keep it tuned right here and be sure to visit Edmunds.com [Music]
The pair remained engaged in a tense tussle for fourth overall as the sun rose along with the
temperatures before pitting for the first round
of driver changes.
VOICE - ACTIVATED TOUCH - SCREEN NAVIGATION SYSTEM - inc: pinch - to - zoom capability, SiriusXM Traffic and Travel Link w / a 5 - year prepaid subscription, SiriusXM audio and data services each require a subscription sold separately, or as a package, by SiriusXM Radio Inc, If you decide to continue service after your trial, the subscription plan you choose will automatically renew thereafter and you will be charged according to your chosen payment method at then - current rates, Fees and taxes apply, To cancel you must call SiriusXM at 1-866-635-2349, See SiriusXM Customer Agreement for complete terms at www.siriusxm.com, All fees and programming subject to
change, Sirius, XM and all related marks and logos are trademarks
of Sirius XM Radio Inc, SAFE & SMART PACKAGE - inc: Adaptive Cruise Control, Blind Spot Info System w / Cross-Traffic Alert, Pre-Collision Assist w / Pedestrian Detection, automatic emergency braking and forward collision warning w / brake support, Memory
Driver Seat, Mirrors & Ambient Lighting, 3 settings, Lane Keeping Alert, Automatic High Beam, Rain - Sensing Windshield Wipers, RADIO: SHAKER PRO AUDIO SYSTEM - inc: 12 - speakers and subwoofer in trunk, HD Radio, MAGNERIDE DAMPING SYSTEM, FRONT LICENSE PLATE BRACKET - inc: Standard in states where required by law, EQUIPMENT GROUP 200A, ENHANCED SECURITY PACKAGE - inc: electronic - locking center console and electronic steering column lock, Active Anti-Theft System, Wheel Locking Kit, ECOBOOST PERFORMANCE PACKAGE - inc: black painted strut tower brace, performance rear wing, unique chassis tuning, unique electronic power assisted steering, unique anti-lock brakes, stability control tuning and upsized rear sway bar, Larger Brake Rotors, 4 - piston fixed calipers, Engine Spun Aluminum Instrument Panel, Gauge Pack (Oil Pressure and Boost), Wheels: 19» x 9» Ebony Black - Painted Aluminum Low gloss, 3.55 TORSEN Limited Slip Rear Axle, HD Front Springs, Larger Radiator, Tires: P255 / 40R19 Summer - Only Designed to optimize driving dynamics and provide superior performance on wet and dry roads, High performance summer tires wear faster than non-performance tires, Ford does not recommend using summer tires when
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It has lots
of great features such as, a digital tire pressure monitor, a digital oil level monitor that alerts you when you need to get your oil
changed, navigation, heated seats, separate
temperature regulators for
driver, passenger, and back seat, optional 3rd row seating, a tow latch.
A hot, steamy day with
temperatures approaching 90 degrees and track
temperatures of 115 degrees, made for a slick track surface, which combined with the deep 53 car field and tight competition had
drivers intensely focused for the entire six - hour race on the fast 3.4 mile, 11 turn circuit that features two sets
of 140 foot elevation
changes each lap.
1 Block South
of Fox Valley Mall west
of Rt. 59 on Ogden Ave. Options: Wheels: 15 Eco-Spoke Alloy Heated Front Bucket Seats Premium Cloth Seating Surfaces Radio: 7 Touch - Screen Display Audio Cargo Net Carpet Floor Mats 4 - Wheel Disc Brakes 6 Speakers Air Conditioning Electronic Stability Control Front Bucket Seats Leather Shift Knob Spoiler Tachometer Abs Brakes Automatic
Temperature Control Bodyside Moldings Brake Assist Bumpers: Body - Color Delay - Off Headlights
Driver Door Bin
Driver Vanity Mirror Dual Front Impact Airbags Dual Front Side Impact Airbags Four Wheel Independent Suspension Front Anti-Roll Bar Front Dual Zone A / C Front Reading Lights Fully Automatic Headlights Heated Door Mirrors Heated Front Seats Illuminated Entry Knee Airbag Low Tire Pressure Warning Occupant Sensing Airbag Outside
Temperature Display Overhead Airbag Overhead Console Panic Alarm Passenger Door Bin Passenger Vanity Mirror Power Door Mirrors Power
Driver Seat Power Steering Power Windows Rear Seat Center Armrest Rear Window Defroster Remote Keyless Entry Security System Speed Control Speed - Sensing Steering Split Folding Rear Seat Steering Wheel Mounted Audio Controls Telescoping Steering Wheel Tilt Steering Wheel Traction Control Trip Computer Turn Signal Indicator Mirrors Variably Intermittent Wipers Front Center Armrest W / Storage Am / Fm Radio: Siriusxm Exterior Parking Camera Rear Rear Collision: Rear Cross-Traffic Alert (Rcta) Warning Blind Spot Sensor: Blind Spot Detection (Bsd) With Lane
Change Assist (Lca) Warning
1 Block South
of Fox Valley Mall west
of Rt. 59 on Ogden Ave. Options: 6 Speakers Am / Fm Radio: Siriusxm Cd Player Mp3 Decoder Radio: Autonet Am / Fm / Cd / Mp3 Audio System Air Conditioning Automatic
Temperature Control Dual Front Automatic
Temperature Control Front Dual Zone A / C Rear Window Defroster 60/40 Split Fold - Down Rear Seatback Outside
Temperature Display Power
Driver Seat Power Steering Power Windows Remote Keyless Entry Steering Wheel Mounted Audio Controls Tire Pressure Monitoring System Four Wheel Independent Suspension Sachs Premium Shock Absorbers Speed - Sensing Steering Traction Control 4 - Wheel Disc Brakes 4 - Wheel Disc Brakes W / Abs Abs Brakes Advanced Front Airbags Anti-Whiplash Front Head Restraints Dual Front Impact Airbags Dual Front Side Impact Airbags Front Anti-Roll Bar Hillstart Assist Control (Hac) Low Tire Pressure Warning Occupant Sensing Airbag Overhead Airbag Power Door Locks Proximity Key Entry W / Push - Button Start Rear Anti-Roll Bar Brake Assist Electronic Stability Control Electronic Stability Control W / Traction Control System Ez Lane
Change Assist Automatic Headlights Delay - Off Headlights Fog Lights Front Fog Lights Fully Automatic Headlights Panic Alarm Remote Keyless Entry System W / Alarm Security System Speed Control Steering - Wheel Mounted Audio & Cruise Controls Body - Color Heated Manual Folding Power Mirrors Bodycolor Rear Spoiler W / Led Brake Lights Bumpers: Body - Color Chrome Accent Grille & Door Handles Engine Cover Heated Door Mirrors Lower Bodyside Cladding Power Door Mirrors Premium Door Sill Plates Roof Rack: Rails Only Spoiler Turn Signal Indicator Mirrors Auto - Dimming Mirror W / Homelink Auto - Dimming Rear - View Mirror
Driver Door Bin
Driver Vanity Mirror Front Reading Lights Garage Door Transmitter: Homelink Illuminated Entry Illuminated Vanity Mirrors & Glove Compartment Leather Shift Knob Leather - Wrapped Shift Knob Leather - Wrapped Steering Wheel Multi-Function Trip Computer Outside
Temperature Display Overhead Console Passenger Vanity Mirror Rear Seat Center Armrest Tachometer Telescoping Steering Wheel Tilt & Telescopic Steering Wheel Tilt Steering Wheel Trip Computer Active Front Head Restraints Front Bucket Seats Front Center Armrest Front Seatback Pockets Heated Front Bucket Seats Heated Front Seats Leather Seat Trim Split Folding Rear Seat Passenger Door Bin Retractable Cargo Cover Silver Roof Side Rails 18 X 6.5 Alloy Wheels
Driver Power Window W / Auto Up / Down Rear Privacy Glass Rear Window Wiper W / Washer Solar Front Glass Variable Intermittent Front Windshield Wiper Rear Window Wiper Variably Intermittent Wipers Windshield Wiper De-Icer 3.195 Axle Ratio
The assessment considered the impacts
of several key
drivers of climate
change: sea level
change; alterations in precipitation patterns and subsequent delivery
of freshwater, nutrients, and sediment; increased ocean
temperature; alterations in circulation patterns;
changes in frequency and intensity
of coastal storms; and increased levels
of atmospheric CO2.
Although the primary
driver of glacial — interglacial cycles lies in the seasonal and latitudinal distribution
of incoming solar energy driven by
changes in the geometry
of the Earth's orbit around the Sun («orbital forcing»), reconstructions and simulations together show that the full magnitude
of glacial — interglacial
temperature and ice volume
changes can not be explained without accounting for
changes in atmospheric CO2 content and the associated climate feedbacks.
All
of the models ca 2007 that the IPCC used to forecast climate
change predicted a steady increase in
temperature (based, as they were, on the assumption that CO2 is the primary
driver of temperature) and yet global
temperatures have remained essentially flat since then.
Re «Estimates
of the
drivers of global
temperature change in the ice ages show that the
changes in greenhouse gases (CO2, methane and nitrous oxide) made up about a third
of the effect, amplifying the ice sheet
changes by about 50 % (Köhler et al, 2010).»
Instead, the web special opened with «Estimates
of future global
temperatures based on recent observations must account for the differing characteristics
of each important
driver of recent climate
change», which sounds a bit ho - hum, if not, well, duh?
While Spencer hypothesizes that the
changes in cloud cover are the main
driver behind global warming, Dessler concludes that they're only responsible for a small percentage
of the
changes in surface
temperature from 2000 to 2010.
That property
of water could be enough to enable the weather processes overall to stabilise the whole process and is one
of the reasons why oceanic
temperature is, always has been and always will be the primary atmospheric
temperature driver and will always reduce or possibly neutralise any effect
of an enhanced greenhouse effect in the absence
of really huge
changes caused by astronomic or geological processes.
One
driver of temperatures in this region is the abundance and variability
of ozone, but water vapor, volcanic aerosols, and dynamical
changes such as the Quasi - Biennial Oscillation (QBO) are also significant; anthropogenic increases in other greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide play a lesser but significant role in the lower stratosphere.
«Many other important impacts
of climate
change are difficult to quantify for a given
change in global average
temperature, in part because
temperature is not the only
driver of change for some impacts; multiple environmental and other human factors come into play.»
«On forced
temperature changes, internal variability, and the AMO» «Tracking the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation through the last 8,000 years» «The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation as a dominant factor
of oceanic influence on climate» «The role
of Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation in the global mean
temperature variability» «The North Atlantic Oscillation as a
driver of rapid climate
change in the Northern Hemisphere» «The Atlanto - Pacific multidecade oscillation and its imprint on the global
temperature record» «Imprints
of climate forcings in global gridded
temperature data» «North Atlantic Multidecadal SST Oscillation: External forcing versus internal variability» «Forced and internal twentieth - century SST trends in the North Atlantic» «Interactive comment on «Imprints
of climate forcings in global gridded
temperature data» by J. Mikšovský et al.» «Atlantic and Pacific multidecadal oscillations and Northern Hemisphere
temperatures»
Estimates
of future global
temperatures based on recent observations must account for the differing characteristics
of each important
driver of recent climate
change.
Carbon dioxide can cause
temperatures to rise without being the primary
driver, or even a significant
driver,
of climate
change.
If cloud cover can vary as noted per the paper, and just a few percent
change in cloud cover can have a large effect to
temperatures, then how much confidence can one have in the «CO2 is the greatest
driver of increased
temperatures?
However, while Spencer hypothesizes that the
changes in cloud cover are the main
driver behind global warming, Dessler concludes that they're only responsible for a small percentage
of the
changes in surface
temperature from 2000 to 2010.
When models only include natural
drivers of climate
change, such as natural variability and volcanic eruptions, they can not reproduce the recent increase in
temperature.
Hence,
changes in
temperature due to climate
change are expected to be one
of the important
drivers of change in natural and managed systems.
The evidence suggests a strong statistical relationship for the SO being the primary
driver of temperatures and potential climate
change.
In particular, given that there has been no trend in the sunspot count or cosmic ray flux over the last 50 years [1], while the global
temperature has increased by 0.5 - 0.6 °C [2], how can one seriously claim that your work shows solar activity to be the major
driver of climate
change today and over the last 50 years?
Ozone depletion in the late twentieth century was the primary
driver of the observed poleward shift
of the jet during summer, which has been linked to
changes in tropospheric and surface
temperatures, clouds and cloud radiative effects, and precipitation at both middle and low latitudes.
At present, atmospheric
temperature is decreasing and CO2 is increasing again showing that CO2 is not the principal
driver of climate
change.
He states «Global Warming is over and there is no evidence that CO2 ever was, is or will be a
driver of world
temperatures or Climate
Change - indeed evidence is the relationship is more the other way around».
To identify major
drivers of southwestern climate
change we perform a multiple - linear regression
of the past 100 years
of the southwestern US
temperature and precipitation.
Projected
changes in physical and biogeochemical
drivers such as
temperature, CO2 content and acidification, oxygen levels, the availability
of nutrients, and the amount
of ocean covered by ice, will affect marine life.
Greenhouse gases, including CO2, looking less and less the major
drivers of global
temperatures and climate
change.
One
of the problems with irradiance as a
driver for climate
change is that though the
changes seem to be fairly well correlated with the
temperature anomaly, many scientists think the magnitude is too small to totally account for
temperature changes.
As the energy transfer is a combination
of Joule heating and particle precipitations then the main
drivers of the ionospheric response to recurrent geomagnetic activity are related to
changes in the
temperature, thermospheric neutral composition, and neutral winds.
«Whilst there are certainly other potential
drivers of changes in the climate we know that over the last century we have greatly increased the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere and, through detection and attribution analyses, we know that the rising levels
of atmospheric CO2 and other greenhouse gases have driven the rise in global
temperature,» King said.
This would be true if the only thing
changing was the precipitation rate, but this is obviously not the case because the
driver of all these precipitation
changes is the expected significant increase in air
temperature.
CO2 is not the only
driver of climate and
temperature changes, it's a small influence at best.
However, if the models
of Don Easterbrook etc. show global
temperature varying with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)(not just regional
temperature), then the models themselves are missing major physics and the
drivers of both PDO and
temperature changes.
The study estimates climate sensitivity — how much the world will warm when carbon dioxide levels increase * — from
changes in observed
temperatures and estimates
of the warming effect
of greenhouse gases and other
drivers of climate
change, from the mid / late 19th century until 2016.