The main effect of this intervention was a significant, nearly 3-fold increase in the median
duration of any breastfeeding among the intervention compared with the attention control and usual care groups (177 vs. 42 vs. 61 d, respectively; P < 0.001).
Dr. Dettwyler, an anthropologist who has done extensive research into the natural age of weaning suggests that the natural
duration of breastfeeding among human, speaking biologically / physiologically, would be somewhere between 2.5 years and 7.0 years [2].
Dr. Dettwyler, an anthropologist who has done extensive research into the natural age of weaning suggests that the «natural»
duration of breastfeeding among human, speaking biologically / physiologically, would be somewhere between 2.5 years and 7.0 years
Not exact matches
The study showed that
breastfeeding is associated with about a 10 percent lower risk
of several major cardiovascular diseases in later life
among Chinese women, and
breastfeeding duration seemed to play a role.
The rate
of breastfeeding mothers was higher
among foreign citizens (89.4 % vs. 84.6 %
of Italian mothers), as well as the
duration of breastfeeding, which was 9.2 months on average
among foreign mothers and 8.1
among Italian mothers.
Over the past decade, national estimates
of breastfeeding initiation and
duration have consistently improved
among both non-Hispanic black (black) and non-Hispanic white (white) infants; however, differences in
breastfeeding rates by race have persisted.
Of note, our models may underestimate the true maternal costs of suboptimal breastfeeding; we modeled the effects of lactation on only five maternal health conditions despite data linking lactation with other maternal health outcomes.46 In addition, women in our model could not develop type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or MI before age 35 years, although these conditions are becoming increasingly prevalent among young adults.47 Although some studies have found an association between lactation and rates of postmenopausal diabetes22, 23 and cardiovascular disease, 10 we conservatively limited the duration of lactation's effect on both diabetes and M
Of note, our models may underestimate the true maternal costs
of suboptimal breastfeeding; we modeled the effects of lactation on only five maternal health conditions despite data linking lactation with other maternal health outcomes.46 In addition, women in our model could not develop type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or MI before age 35 years, although these conditions are becoming increasingly prevalent among young adults.47 Although some studies have found an association between lactation and rates of postmenopausal diabetes22, 23 and cardiovascular disease, 10 we conservatively limited the duration of lactation's effect on both diabetes and M
of suboptimal
breastfeeding; we modeled the effects
of lactation on only five maternal health conditions despite data linking lactation with other maternal health outcomes.46 In addition, women in our model could not develop type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or MI before age 35 years, although these conditions are becoming increasingly prevalent among young adults.47 Although some studies have found an association between lactation and rates of postmenopausal diabetes22, 23 and cardiovascular disease, 10 we conservatively limited the duration of lactation's effect on both diabetes and M
of lactation on only five maternal health conditions despite data linking lactation with other maternal health outcomes.46 In addition, women in our model could not develop type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or MI before age 35 years, although these conditions are becoming increasingly prevalent
among young adults.47 Although some studies have found an association between lactation and rates
of postmenopausal diabetes22, 23 and cardiovascular disease, 10 we conservatively limited the duration of lactation's effect on both diabetes and M
of postmenopausal diabetes22, 23 and cardiovascular disease, 10 we conservatively limited the
duration of lactation's effect on both diabetes and M
of lactation's effect on both diabetes and MI.
This is one explanation for why developed countries, whose mothers
breastfeed for shorter
durations (or not at all) and have fewer children in their lifetimes, have higher rates
of breast cancer
among their populations.
We share results from a randomized trial which tested a behavioral educational intervention with the secondary aim
of increasing
breastfeeding duration among self - identified black and Latina mothers.
Our study documented lower rates
of overweight
among children who were
breastfed for longer
durations.
For other cognitive outcomes, associations with
breastfeeding duration were not appreciably stronger
among children
of women who consumed more fish.
Peer counseling programs have successfully raised
breastfeeding rates
among term infants in low - income families in a range
of settings.13 - 19 The objective
of this study was to determine whether peer counselors improve
breastfeeding duration rates
among premature infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).
Because race is a factor in
breastfeeding duration among term infants (39 %
of white US infants are
breastfeeding at 6 months compared with 24 %
of African American infants3) and because
of the high incidence
of premature births
among African American women, we performed a subgroup analysis on African American subjects.
Although there were no important differences in
breastfeeding duration between groups, there was a considerably longer
duration of exclusive
breastfeeding (which was defined as providing only breast milk for the previous 24 h, but did allow formula less than once per week)
among women receiving the research bags (either alone or in combination with the research counseling [P < 0.01, 1 - tailed log rank test]-RRB- versus those not receiving research bags.
Findings from this study suggest that the decreases in
breastfeeding duration associated with pacifier use may be a consequence
of less frequent
breastfeeding among women who introduce pacifiers to their infants.
Given the infrequency
of breastfeeding problems
among pacifier users and the lack
of an association with
breastfeeding duration to 3 months, these data otherwise fail to support the development
of nipple confusion in pacifier - exposed infants.
The initiative was introduced to the United Kingdom in 1993, but, although improvements have been reported, 3 rates
of breast feeding in the UK are still
among the lowest in the world.4 5 Recent reports from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) urge NHS units to become baby friendly to improve rates
of breast feeding and save money.4 6 Data from the millennium cohort study, however, show that though participating maternity units in the UK increased rates
of initiation
of breastfeeding,
duration did not increase.5 Other strategies are therefore required to support mothers in the UK to breast feed for the recommended time.
Reasons for this slow improvement
among mothers in the United States include: (a)
breastfeeding has not received sufficient national attention as a public health issue [5]; (b) inadequate attention to the importance
of the
duration of exclusive
breastfeeding [3, 6]; and (c) inadequate research addressing exclusive
breastfeeding in the United States [3, 7].
Unadjusted associations between exclusive
breastfeeding duration and prenatal value
of exclusive
breastfeeding and other maternal characteristics
among women who intended to exclusively breastfeeda
Problems with
breastfeeding, such as trouble getting the baby to latch, pain, and a perception
of insufficient milk, are common
among new mothers and are associated with shorter
durations of breastfeeding (16).
Despite the well documented health benefits
of breastfeeding (1), initiation
of breastfeeding and
breastfeeding duration rates
among black infants in the United States are approximately 16 % lower than
among whites (2).
Breastfeeding is associated with about 10 % lower maternal risk of several major cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in later life, and the magnitude of the inverse association was stronger among those with a longer duration of breastfeeding, according to a large, prospective, observational study among C
Breastfeeding is associated with about 10 % lower maternal risk
of several major cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in later life, and the magnitude
of the inverse association was stronger
among those with a longer
duration of breastfeeding, according to a large, prospective, observational study among C
breastfeeding, according to a large, prospective, observational study
among Chinese women.
Although there were insufficient data to explore the influence
of the
duration of feeding, exclusively
breastfed persons are likely to represent a group who are
breastfed for longer periods: ie, median
breastfeeding durations of 4 — 9 mo were reported
among the 3 studies with available data (24, 33, 35, 40).
The Effects
of a Nursing Intervention on
Breastfeeding Duration Among Primiparous Mothers Planning to Return to Work [thesis]
To our knowledge, the influence
of family size on recall
of breastfeeding duration has not been reported previously; however, recall
of birth weight has been found to decrease
among mothers with five or more children (39).
The campaign is part
of national efforts to increase
breastfeeding initiation and
duration rates
among African American women.
The contribution
of breastfeeding to child health and development is recognized by the MIECHV initiative in its Benchmark Plan which includes a goal for increasing
breastfeeding duration among mothers who enroll in home visiting programs during pregnancy.