Sentences with phrase «during differentiation in»

This short review, part of the Thematic Series on Raman Spectroscopies, describes the application of Raman micro-spectroscopy to measure the molecular properties of stem cells during differentiation in - vitro.

Not exact matches

This differentiation may become obvious with the first appearance of colostrum during the secretory development phase in the second half of gestation.

Decreased IGF type 1 receptor signaling in mammary epithelium during pregnancy leads to reduced proliferation, alveolar differentiation, and expression of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and IRS - 2.

The differentiation campaign would begin in April, during the European elections campaign, and continue until September and the Lib Dems» final autumn conference before next year's general election.

All the interdisciplinary skills and knowledge he had gathered during his scientific training — which had covered biochemistry, biotechnology, biomaterials, and stem cell biology — put him «in a very advantageous position to address this question» of how to develop nanoparticles that could modulate stem cell differentiation on demand, he says.

Up until now, however, it has been unclear what comes first during cardiomyocyte differentiation: the reorganization of the DNA's folding in the cellular nucleus or the DNA's methylation — and whether these mechanisms are dependent on one another.

It has been particularly difficult to measure changes in electrical functions of cells grown within Organ Chips that are normally electrically active, such as neuronal cells in the brain or beating heart cells, both during their differentiation and in response to drugs.

The study focuses on «stemness,» defined as the potential for self - renewal and differentiation from the cell of origin, and on «stemness indices» developed during postdoctoral research conducted by Tathiane Malta as part of a project supported by FAPESP and with Houtan Noushmehr, a professor in FMRP - USP's Genetics Department, as principal investigator.

The new technique could also be useful in understanding how stem cells change oxidation properties during differentiation into other cell types.

More importantly, the fibronectin part of the complex is expressed during a cell's transition to cancer and plays a role in cell growth, migration and differentiation.

The scientists conclude that the study reveals an essential function for CTCF in the orchestration of transcriptional changes during the terminal differentiation of B lymphocytes and advances understanding of the mechanisms that regulate the immune response.

In most placental mammals, the Y chromosome induces male differentiation during development, whereas embryos without it become female.

In order to learn more about this process, Alexander Skupin and his team treated blood stem cells from mice with growth hormones and then watched closely how these progenitor cells behaved during their differentiation into white or red blood cells.

In the case of planarians, the gene egr - 4 seems to perform an early control of cell proliferation as a response to amputation, and be involved later in the early differentiation of brain during regeneratioIn the case of planarians, the gene egr - 4 seems to perform an early control of cell proliferation as a response to amputation, and be involved later in the early differentiation of brain during regeneratioin the early differentiation of brain during regeneration.

One of the key metabolic alterations that takes place during EMT is that of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) which is a pathway that regulates growth, survival, proliferation, and differentiation in mammalian cells.

Seeking fresh sources, they looked for cells that express the gene neurogenin 3, a potential sign of cell differentiation because it is the first gene to only switch on in pancreatic islets during embryonic development.

However, malformation of skeletal bones during embryogenesis also occurs in FOP patients and illustrates that the underlying genetic mutation occurs in a gene with functional importance in regulating chondro - osseous differentiation during embryonic skeletal development as well as in adult musculoskeletal tissues.

We notably follow the time course of structural changes in response to cues that affect gene expression either transiently or permanently: changes in genome structure during transient hormonal response of differentiated cells and stable trans - differentiation of B cells to macrophages.

In parallel, the roles of symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions are investigated as a mechanism for governing stem cell self - renewal and differentiation during embryonic development and in the adulIn parallel, the roles of symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions are investigated as a mechanism for governing stem cell self - renewal and differentiation during embryonic development and in the adulin the adult.

Highly Synchronized Expression of Lineage - Specific Genes during In Vitro Hepatic Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines.

In addition to p53, there are other transcriptional activatory mechanisms that are not well understood for the most part and which operate in response to mitogenic stimulation (11, 12), transforming growth factor - β (13, 14, 15), and aberrant oncogenic signals (16, 17) or during a number of cell differentiation processes (18, 19In addition to p53, there are other transcriptional activatory mechanisms that are not well understood for the most part and which operate in response to mitogenic stimulation (11, 12), transforming growth factor - β (13, 14, 15), and aberrant oncogenic signals (16, 17) or during a number of cell differentiation processes (18, 19in response to mitogenic stimulation (11, 12), transforming growth factor - β (13, 14, 15), and aberrant oncogenic signals (16, 17) or during a number of cell differentiation processes (18, 19).

Expression patterns of DLK1 and INSL3 identify stages of Leydig cell differentiation during normal development and in testicular pathologies, including testicular cancer and Klinefelter syndrome.

Expression of MyoD, a skeletal muscle - specific transcriptional regulator, activated the expression of the Cdk inhibitor p21 during differentiation of murine myocytes and in nonmyogenic cells.

We have identified a number of key transcription factors that are deregulated during this process, and we are using this information to investigate mechanisms by which differentiation can be reprogrammed in tumour cells.

Recent studies have started to map the gene - wide chromatin interactions in the interphase nucleus, revealing some principles of chromosome organization into territories, and dramatic changes of chromatin organization and interactions during differentiation and lineage specification.

Laminin - 111 is important during early epithelial development and differentiation of the epiblast, and is commonly used as a general attachment protein in cell culture.

Starting my lab beginning of 2015 in Dresden we will focus on understanding the role of membrane organization during cell differentiation and tissue formation.

Title: A genome - wide RNAi screen reveals MAP kinase phosphatases as key ERK pathway regulators during embryonic stem cell differentiation (IN PRESS, Oct 2012) Authors: Sharrocks A, Yang S - H, Kalkan T, Haslam C, Smith A Date: IN PRESS, Oct 2012 Publication Details: PLoS Genetics

The appearances under phase - contrast microscope of human satellite cell cultures during proliferation and differentiation are shown in Figs. 1a and b. Cell cultures were allowed to differentiate for 4 days before cell cultures were exposed to the different insulin concentrations for 4 days as described in research design and methods.

Several more researchers presented their work during the day, including protein synthesis at atomic resolution, bio-imaging opportunities at synchrotrons, multi-dimensional imaging during plant cell differentiation, how to use electron cryomicroscopy for in situ structural biology, and how structured illumination microscopy can offer insights into the regulation of mammalian meiosis.

As cellular junctions are one of the first specialized structures that form during tissue development they have a critical role in guiding cell polarization and differentiation.

'' «Figure 4: Effect of telomerase deficiency on extracellular matrix (ECM) protein molecules during in vitro osteoblast differentiation of BMSCs.

By using the nanocomplex in conjunction with computer programme codes and imaging software, the researchers were able to follow how mRNA expresses itself during neural stem cell differentiation.

The application of transgenesis and other genetic methods - in conjunction with total genome sequence and database information on gene expression patterns, morphological changes during development, and mutant phenotypes - should significantly enhance our ability to unravel the multilayered networks that control gene expression and differentiation.

The early cardiac markers and transcription factors (Gata4, Mef2c, Hind I, Nkx2 - 5 and beta - Mhc) were examined in iPS cell lines 11.1 and 4.1 during the cardiac differentiation process (differentiation day 0, day 3, day 6 and day 9).

Further, we demonstrate that deletion of Alkbh1 in embryonic stem cells leads to upregulation of the core genes involved in pluripotency and that ALKBH1 is required during early differentiation.

Finally, stomodeal - specific RNAi - mediated silencing of Twist during compression impairs the differentiation of midgut cells, resulting in larval lethality.

VASA expression increased during the differentiation of monkey ES cells, indicating that these cells have the ability to differentiate into a germ cell lineage in vitro.

A slight increase in PIWIL1 expression was also detected in the EBs after day 21, whereas no PIWIL2 expression was detected during EB differentiation.

For example, the expression of BMP - Smad signaling pathway components is low during differentiation of mDA neurons from their VM neural precursors in vivo (E10 — E12), yet after this period, these subsequently increase in expression and play a functional role in mDA neuronal outgrowth (E1 — E18)[37].

The researchers also identified a counteracting repressor protein in the cells that actively shut off macrophage - favoring genes during neutrophil differentiation.

I am also interested in musculoskeletal system trade - offs during evolution of body size, and I have projects which are analyzing musculoskeletal system growth and differentiation rate variation in divergent fish populations reared under «common garden» environments.

In addition to the visualization of expression profiles during ES cell differentiation, the search engine provides links to analyze the selected genes using many publicly available tools and resources.

DIC images of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) during in vitro expansion (A) and differentiation (B).

Moreover, ES cell differentiation in vitro recapitulates events that take place during early embryonic development including the formation of the three germ layers of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, and the emergence of endothelial, hematopoietic, cardiac, neuronal and hepatic or pancreatic cells [8], [9].

Genes involved in DNA damage control and inhibition of DNA synthesis [49], in particular Atm, Chk1 and Chk2, are also highly expressed in ES cells, but decline during differentiation.

Prolonged in vitro culture during gene targeting found D4 to be more susceptible to differentiation than C2.

For example, clusters containing genes that are upregulated during the course of ES cell differentiation (Table 3) include in order of time of expression: cluster 30 that represents genes which take part in the formation of the three embryonic germ layers during gastrulation, i.e., Goosecoid, Cerberus like 1 homolog, Wnt3, Mesp1, Mixl1, mEomes and Even - skipped 1; cluster 15 containing molecular regulators of early mesoderm development including Bmp2, Bmp5, Msx1, Msx2, Cripto, Tbx20, Hey2, Smad6, Vegfr2 (Kdr), Foxf1 and Hand1; cluster 20, which comprises regulatory and structural genes linked to hemopoiesis such as Gata1, Nfe2, Klf1, Tie1, hemoglobins (Hba - x, Hbb - b1) and Glycophorin A; cluster 12, which is rich in genes involved in cardiac development, e.g., Mef2c, Myl4, cardiac Troponin T2, Tropomodulin 1, myosin binding protein C, Bves, Angiopoietin 1 and Angiopoietin 2; and, cluster 4, which consists mostly of genes associated with neuronal development and differentiation, for example, Neurog1, Neurog2, Olig2, Nkx6.1, Neurod4, Pou3f2, Pou3f4, Cacna2d3, Cacng4, Kcnq2 and EphA5.

These include: a) Global Clusters that consist of a small, tight subset of genes that are co-expressed under the entire spectrum of experimental conditions; b) Time Series of gene expression profiles during successive days of standard ES cell differentiation; c) Specific Gene Classes based on hierarchical clustering of transcriptional factors and ESTs; d) Expression Waves of genes with characteristic expression profiles during ES cell differentiation, juxtaposed to waves of genes that behave in the exact opposite way; e) Pathway Animations that illustrate dynamic changes in the components of individual KEGG signaling and metabolic pathways viewed in time - related manner; and, f) Search Engines to display the expression pattern of any transcript, or groups of transcripts, during the course of ES cell differentiation, or to query the association of candidate genes with various FunGenES database clusters.

Finally, we analyzed ESTs separately to distinguish the ones that are expressed in ES cells or during the differentiation process.