Like Kish, a handful of
blind echolocators worldwide have taught themselves to use clicks and echoes to navigate their surroundings with impressive ease — Kish can even ride his bike down the street, as his daring YouTube videos show.
Interestingly, other studies in the Goodale lab have shown that blind
expert echolocators are also subject to illusions, for example the size - weight illusion in which the perception of mass is influenced by the size of an object.
She also talked to a scientist who has used brain scans to determine that
echolocators use areas of the brain normally associated with seeing when they maneuver.
«The story could be further enriched if there were data about prestin genes in echolocating birds and
other echolocators, such as shrews,» he says.
The researcher also has found that
echolocators do more than just sense obstacles, but can often tell whether an object is a tree or a car or a lamppost.
While his initial studies have investigated
how echolocators detect the shape and distance of objects, Dr. Goodale's most recent studies have investigated how they perceive the material or «stuff» that different objects are made of.
When the corridor's position was fixed and their bodies and heads were free to move, however, the
novice echolocators soon righted themselves, the team reports online today in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
These studies show that material - related signals activate a region of the brain called the parahippocampal cortex (PHC) in blind
expert echolocators, but not in sighted people or blind non-echolocators.
Just as in sighted individuals using vision, the brain regions that play a critical role in processing the structure and geometry of objects are distinct from the brain regions that process the cues that signal the material properties of objects in
blind echolocators.
Kish is a human
echolocator, a real life Daredevil.
While sighted individuals use visual cues to get information about the composition of objects, such as the sheen of metal, or the fuzziness of fur,
echolocators must rely on the auditory cues that result from the echoes of the clicks they emit.
If two objects of equal weight are presented to both a sighted and a blind
echolocator, both will find the smaller object feels heavier when they lift it using a string attached to a pulley.
This illusion, thought to be based on the lifter's cognitive expectations, and the fact that it is also present in blind
echolocators, but not in blind non-echolocators, shows that echolocation is an effective form of sensory substitution for vision.
In fact,
some echolocators are proficient enough to use this ability to perform complex tasks such as riding a bicycle — or even sinking a basketball!
To determine how the brains of
echolocators process these cues, researchers have recorded the echoes produced by echolocator's clicks on different materials (a blanket, fake foliage and a whiteboard) and looked at the response these sounds produced in the brains of sighted people, of blind non-echolocators and of blind echolocators.
«Remarkably, expert blind
echolocators can tell whether something is hard or soft, dense or not, just by listening to the echoes bouncing back from that material» notes Dr. Goodale.
What's key to the trick, say human
echolocators, is sensing the strong early reflections off the walls, rather than the noisy, confusing mishmash of late - arriving, weaker echoes.
They added in the existing genome sequences of the large flying fox and the little brown bat,
another echolocator.
«The results allow us to create virtual human
echolocators,» Thaler says.