Partly it has been a
function of imitation, beginning in the nineteenth century with Bismarck's social welfare programs in Germany, and partly it has been prompted by international
economic competition, again starting in the nineteenth century, with national governments playing an increasing role in
regulating and promoting all forms of
economic activity.
They
regulate the risks of natural hazards and climate change, offer cultural and spiritual values to our society, and support key ecological
functions such as nutrient and water cycling, filtering and buffering, and are central to
economic vitality.