The study presented in the journal BioScience analyzed 276 published peer - reviewed articles that looked at the landscape
effects of oil, natural gas, and wind production infrastructure worldwide, in order to compare their impacts on biodiversity and
ecosystem services — wildlife mortality, habitat loss and fragmentation, noise and light
pollution, invasive species, and changes in carbon stocks and freshwater resources.
Recalling the concern reflected in the outcome document
of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, entitled «The future we want», 1 that the health
of oceans and marine biodiversity are negatively affected by marine
pollution, including marine debris, especially plastic, persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals and nitrogen - based compounds, from numerous marine and land - based sources, and the commitment to take action to significantly reduce the incidence and impacts
of such
pollution on marine
ecosystems, Noting the international action being taken to promote the sound management
of chemicals throughout their life cycle and waste in ways that lead to the prevention and minimization
of significant adverse
effects on human health and the environment, Recalling the Manila Declaration on Furthering the Implementation
of the Global Programme
of Action for the Protection
of the Marine Environment from Land - based Activities adopted by the Third Intergovernmental Review Meeting on the Implementation
of the Global Programme
of Action for the Protection
of the Marine Environment from Land - based Activities, which highlighted the relevance
of the Honolulu Strategy and the Honolulu Commitment and recommended the establishment
of a global partnership on marine litter, Taking note
of the decisions adopted by the eleventh Conference
of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity on addressing the impacts
of marine debris on marine and coastal biodiversity, Recalling that the General Assembly declared 2014 the International Year
of Small Island Developing States and that such States have identified waste management among their priorities for action, Noting with concern the serious impact which marine litter, including plastics stemming from land and sea - based sources, can have on the marine environment, marine
ecosystem services, marine natural resources, fisheries, tourism and the economy, as well as the potential risks to human health; 1.
They have a significant
effect on water salinity,
pollution, carbon and nutrient levels, sea surface temperature, and other physical properties in these regions
of the ocean, and the variations they cause can, in turn, affect the well - being
of marine
ecosystems and climate.
In addition, ocean acidification is co-occurring with other drivers
of environmental change (including warming, eutrophication, hypoxia, eutrophication,
pollution [12]-RRB-, yet the interactive
effects and relative importance
of multiple stressors on species physiology, life history and ecology, as well as species — environment interactions and
ecosystem function remain poorly understood [13 — 17].