Sentences with phrase «effect at the surface»

As an aside, the radiative forcing by aerosols (in both long wave and solar radiation at the tropopause) is not the same as global dimming (which is a solar radiation effect at the surface) though they are related.

My guess is it increases OHC by decreasing the formation of cold deep water, this would have a temporary (hundreds of year though) heating effect at the surface.

Hence there is a greenhouse effect at the surface which is not sen from space.

Thus the net thermal effect at the surface is zero.

Although water vapour is a greenhouse gas it had no warming effect at the surface where the vapour simply acquired the same temperature as the surrounding air molecules.

Thus the congestion with pollution created urban - heat - island effect at the surface and as well upto the level of skyscrapers through temperature inversions.

Stratospheric absorbtion of UV has an insignificant heating effect at the surface.

When partnered with cloud remote sensing observations the radiation measurements and retrievals allow the characterization of cloud and aerosol radiative effects at the surface, which is essential in order to quantify the amount of radiative energy available at the surface to interact with heating the air, evaporating water, and interacting with clouds and greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere.

When you try to consider the effect at the surface, a global average temperature change no longer means much.

Not exact matches

Either way, his comments follow a trend of famous figures — from entertainers to sports figures — taking a hard stance against their children playing football at any level, especially in light of the revelations about long - term effects from football concussions that have surfaced in recent years.

One attempt at simulating the clay - court effect, producing a hard surface with a rough, granulated finish, failed because the ball was not in contact with the court long enough — only.0017 second — to make any appreciable difference.

Although the health effects of these chemicals to babies are not yet known, it's still an important safety risk to consider, because as the study pointed out, babies actually inhale more air per surface than adults, putting them at greater risk for inhalation exposure.

The model results indicated that deep - sea dispersant injection had a profound effect on air quality at the ocean surface.

As they fall, however, their effect on the field at the Earth's surface decreases.

The lead author of the new study, Paolo Molaro, at the INAF - Trieste Astronomical Observatory, takes up the story: «As soon as the Dawn spacecraft revealed the mysterious bright spots on the surface of Ceres, I immediately thought of the possible measurable effects from Earth.

Climate change influences magmatic production, in particular via the effects on erosion and hydrology, which modify the pressure exerted at Earth's surface on the deep layers.

Starting at 2400 degrees, recrystallization effects appear on the surface of the iron samples, leading to dynamic changes of the solid iron's crystalline structure.

So while it may take decades for warming at the sea surface to change deep - sea temperatures, alterations in wind - driven events may have more immediate effects.

He also adds: «The tidal effect on an asteroid, which rapidly rotates under the gravitational field of a planet, can fragment these objects or release large rocks from its surface, which could then become such dangerous projectiles at a local scale as the one fell in Cheliábinsk (Russia) on February 15th 2013.»

But at breaks in the cloud deck, smoke has the opposite effect: It is brighter than the dark ocean surface, reflecting solar radiation and reducing warming.

At any given time, clouds cover about 70 percent of the Earth's surface and together produce a net cooling effect on the planet.

That is, the experiments showed that the potentiator cancelled out the intended effect of having a corrected CFTR protein at the epithelial surface.

New research conducted by scientists at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health, found that higher levels of antibody against a different flu surface protein — neuraminidase (NA)-- were the better predictor of protection against flu infection and its unpleasant side effects.

Liming Zhou of the University at Albany, State University of New York and colleagues used land - surface temperature data gathered by NASA's Terra and Aqua satellites to examine the effect.

During this event, the aerosols stayed close to the surface due to the presence of a anticyclone hovering over the study region at sea - level, «reducing the amount of shortwave irradiance reaching the surface and causing greater radiative cooling,» states Obregón, who likens the effects of desert dust with those resulting from certain forest fires or episodes of high pollution.

«Prior to approximately four billion years ago, no large region of Earth's surface could have survived untouched by impacts and their effects,» says Simone Marchi, of NASA's Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute at the Southwest Research Institute.

But at the same time, they had a long - term beneficial effect in stabilizing surface temperatures and delivering key elements for life as we know it,» said Dr. Simone Marchi, a senior research scientist at SwRI's Planetary Science Directorate in Boulder, Colo..

Professor Baldwin added: «Natural large pressure fluctuations in the polar stratosphere tend to last a long time — at least a month, and we see this reflected as surface pressure changes that look very much like the North Atlantic Oscillation — which has significant effects on weather and extreme events across Europe.»

I am happy that we succeeded in providing a quantitative estimate of the effect of air pollutant on surface solar radiation in interaction with wind,» says Changgui Lin, the leading author of the article and researcher at the Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg.

«At a high temperature, however, this doesn't work because the Leidenfrost effect prevents the droplets from making sufficient contact with the surface to cool it.

Meanwhile, physicists and chemists at HZB produced graphene surfaces several square centimeters in size so that edge effects play hardly any role in comparison to the surface processes.

Researchers in Hong Kong and at Lehigh University recently demonstrated that it is possible to exploit the Leidenfrost effect to control the direction and destination of liquid droplets on a surface and thus to cool it more efficiently.

There are strong competing effects such as changes in the large - scale atmospheric circulation, sea surface temperature changes like El Niño and La Niña and the dynamics of westerly storm tracks that all interact at the mid-latitudes,» said Stanford co-author Matthew Winnick who contributed to the study with fellow doctoral student Daniel Ibarra.

Program documents on the DARPA Web site state the goal of the Casimir Effect Enhancement program «is to develop new methods to control and manipulate attractive and repulsive forces at surfaces based on engineering of the Casimir force.

Joel Moore, a theorist at the University of California, Berkeley, and his co-workers built on Kane's calculations to show that three - dimensional blocks of material would also display quantum effects, although the way electrons moved along the surface would be more complex than in the flat sheet used by Kane.

But in the 1960s, the American physicist Robert H. Dicke of Princeton, who died in 1997, noted that if the interior of the sun were rotating rapidly — compared to a slower speed observed at the surface — then the non-spherical component of the sun's gravitational field could produce up to 10 percent of the effect Einstein had computed, in which case, General Relativity would be an incomplete theory of gravity.

The existence of such specific receptors on the neuronal surface makes it possible for NGF to exert its effects at exceedingly low concentrations (about 2.8 micrograms per liter).

Scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab), who have made important findings on the dangers of thirdhand smoke and how it adsorbs strongly onto indoor surfaces, have published a new study assessing the health effects of thirdhand smoke constituents present in indoor air.

«I don't see the catastrophic effects from warming that others predict,» said John Christy, a professor at the University of Alabama in Huntsville who says satellite data since 1979 shows temperatures rising fastest at the surface.

Pierre, could you comment on what, exactly, is new in the recent Philipona paper, compared with the two similar papers they published last year («Greenhouse forcing outweighs decreasing solar radiation driving rapid temperature rise over land», «Radiative forcing — measured at Earth's surface — corroborate the increasing greenhouse effect»)?

My main problem with that study is that the weather models don't use any forcings at all — no changes in ozone, CO2, volcanos, aerosols, solar etc. — and so while some of the effects of the forcings might be captured (since the weather models assimilate satellite data etc.), there is no reason to think that they get all of the signal — particularly for near surface effects (tropospheric ozone for instance).

Observations with the National Science Foundation's Very Large Array (VLA) have given scientists an unprecedented look into the atmosphere of Jupiter, revealing that features seen in visible light at the planet's cloud surfaces have effects tens of kilometers downward.

A team of scientists led by researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory modified the current formula to calculate Potential Intensity by including the effects of upper - ocean mixing, sea - surface cooling, and salinity during a cyclone.

Alternatively, turbulence or charging effects might lead to a reservoir of small grains at the surface layer that is not affected by the dust growth and fragmentation cycle dominating the dense disk midplane.

Re Q # 3: The current answer ``... emission from greenhouse gases... adds to the warming at the surface» is a true fact but is not a valid answer to the question of how the greenhouse effect alters surface temperatures (which underlies the judge's query).

This insulating effect is important because otherwise the surface of the earth would quickly cool down to very cold temperatures at night.

Considering that ferropericlase is much less viscous, or resistant to flowing, hot, yet solid, mantle rock would flow more easily, possibly having profound effects on volcanism and tectonics at the planetary surface, processes which have a significant impact on the habitability of Earth.

«It is surprising, but Earth's atmosphere is about 50 trillion metric tons in mass, and so over long enough timescales — hundreds, thousands, even millions of years — all of that mass, and its drag across the surface of the planet, can have an effect,» said study author Caleb Scharf, director of astrobiology at Columbia University in New York.

However, even the more ponderous mixing in the lower stratosphere is pretty efficient in comparison to the time it takes to remove CO2 at the surface, so I doubt that the altitude of the source is a very significant effect for CO2.

While the Sun does not rotate as a solid body (the rotational period is 25 days at the equator and about 35 days at the poles), it takes approximately 28 days to complete one full rotation; the centrifugal effect of this slow rotation is 18 million times weaker than the surface gravity at the Sun's equator.