Not exact matches
To isolate the
effects of an SFJ on districts
within each poverty quartile, we focus on
changes in spending over time
within specific
school districts after taking into account
changes from year to year in average education spending across all of the nation's
school districts.
Similarly, Russ Whitehurst and Michelle Croft have shown that the quality of state standards (as assessed by third party organizations) is unrelated to NAEP scores, a finding confirmed by the Harvard Kennedy
School's Josh Goodman in an analysis that examined the
effects of
changes in the quality of standards
within states over time.
It is important to highlight these programmatic
effects because they remind us that
school - level
change is as important as
change within classrooms.
To sum up, a massive body of evidence says that reading and mathematics achievement have strong ties to underlying intellectual ability, that we do not know how to
change intellectual ability after children reach
school, and that the quality of
schooling within the normal range of
schools does not have much
effect on student achievement.
Just as learning preferences may play into teachers» decisions to stay or remain in a dynamic
school environment, their level of resistance to
change may have an
effect on this decision, particularly
within schools undergoing reform initiatives.