It is also discussed, that the 22 - year cycle observed in the cosmogenic isotopes is a
modulation effect of the cosmic rays, and hence directly connected with the physics of the outer heliosphere.
A few years ago, Pierce and Adams modeled the potential cloud
forming effect of cosmic rays and found it wanting by more than an order of magnitude, even when the most favourable assumptions possible were made.
Now there are other experiments, like the CLOUD project, also designed to investigate
the effects of cosmic rays.
The experiment is now operating a half mile underground in the Soudan iron mine in northeastern Minnesota, where
the effects of cosmic ray particles are largely eliminated.
It's not feasible to study
the effects of cosmic rays on real astronauts, such as those living in the International Space Station, because many variables, including the stress of living on a spaceship, can affect cognition, says Patric Stanton, a cell biologist at New York Medical College in Valhalla.
Carbon 14 is continually being formed in the upper atmosphere by
the effect of cosmic ray neutrons on nitrogen 14 atoms.
Reed runs away to a South American country trying to rebuild a teleporter to reverse
the effects of the cosmic rays.
CLOUD is designed to study
the effects of cosmic rays on aerosols, cloud droplets and ice particles, under precisely controlled laboratory conditions.
In summary the findings to date indicate that
the effect of cosmic rays on cloud formation is small compared to the large variations in natural biogenic aerosol emissions.
IIRC, the applicable AR4 WG report claimed in a table that
the effect of cosmic rays was poorly understood and very small.
The third way is through
the effects of cosmic rays on cloud formations.The amount of energy we get from the sun changes in cycles.
Greatly increased support for research on
the effect of cosmic rays and their possible interactions with human caused emissions is needed to accurately pin down what, if any, anthropogenic effects will develop in the future.