Not exact matches
Solar activity impacts
on climate are a fascinating topic, and encompass direct radiative processes, indirect
effects via
atmospheric chemistry and (potentially) aerosol formation
effects.
The top panel shows the direct
effects of the individual components, while the second panel attributes various indirect factors (associated with
atmospheric chemistry, aerosol cloud interactions and albedo
effects) and includes a model estimate of the «efficacy» of the forcing that depends
on its spatial distribution.
On the other hand, weekend
effects caused by vehicular traffic practices are well documented in studies of urban pollution and
atmospheric chemistry (3 — 11).
If so, I think we want to include tightly coupled chemical and biological processes, in that case — for example, the chemical fate of
atmospheric methane over time, the
effects of increasing
atmospheric CO2
on oceanic acid - base
chemistry, and the response of the biological components of the carbon cycle to increased temperatures and a changing hydrologic cycle.
-- Susan Solomon, Nature The Long Thaw is written for anyone who wishes to know what cutting - edge science tells us about the modern issue of global warming and its
effects on the pathways of
atmospheric chemistry, as well as global and regional temperatures, rainfall, sea level, Arctic sea - ice coverage, melting of the continental ice sheets, cyclonic storm frequency and intensity and ocean acidification.
Even so, Mann said, certain predictions are based
on physics and
chemistry that are so fundamental, such as the
atmospheric greenhouse
effect, that the resulting predictions — that surface temperatures should warm, ice should melt and sea level should rise — are robust no matter the assumptions.
These include the
effects that trees have
on local
atmospheric chemistry and potentially the clouds above them; until these are fully understood it is somewhat difficult to attribute a «temperature benefit» of a specific magnitude to a given afforestation scenario.
The experiments were performed with ModelE2, a new version of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Sciences (GISS) coupled general circulation model that includes three different versions for the
atmospheric composition components: a noninteractive version (NINT) with prescribed composition and a tuned aerosol indirect
effect (AIE), the TCAD version with fully interactive aerosols, whole - atmosphere
chemistry, and the tuned AIE, and the TCADI version which further includes a parameterized first indirect aerosol
effect on clouds.
Any chemically reactive gas, whether a greenhouse gas or not, will produce some level of indirect greenhouse
effect through its impact
on atmospheric chemistry.
Thus if the two mid latitude jets move equatorward at the same time as the ITCZ moves closer to the equator the combined
effect on global albedo and the amount of solar energy able to penetrate the oceans will be substantial and would dwarf the other proposed
effects on albedo from changes in cosmic ray intensity generating changes in cloud totals as per Svensmark and from suggested changes caused in upper cloud quantities by changes in
atmospheric chemistry involving ozone which various other climate sceptics propose.