«I'd say the bottom line is that it probably has some positive
effect on breastfeeding outcomes, but not as much as we have been assuming it does.»
According to the published literature, social and peer support may have not only positive
effects on breastfeeding outcomes, but also postpartum depression26, 27
Not exact matches
This unsubstantiated finding is that «increased
breastfeeding duration has had no
effect on overall physical or pscychological health
outcomes of either children or mothers.»
REVIEW METHODS: We included systematic reviews / meta - analyses, randomized and non-randomized comparative trials, prospective cohort, and case - control studies
on the
effects of
breastfeeding and relevant
outcomes published in the English language.
Links
Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries.Ip S, Chung M, Raman G, Chew P, Magula N, DeVine D, Trikalinos T, Lau J. OBJECTIVES: We reviewed the evidence on the effects of breastfeeding on short - and long - term infant and maternal health outcomes in develop
Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health
outcomes in developed countries.Ip S, Chung M, Raman G, Chew P, Magula N, DeVine D, Trikalinos T, Lau J. OBJECTIVES: We reviewed the evidence
on the
effects of
breastfeeding on short - and long - term infant and maternal health outcomes in develop
breastfeeding on short - and long - term infant and maternal health
outcomes in developed countries.
Our use of observational data reflects the existing literature
on lactation and maternal health; apart from a single randomized trial examining the
effect of exclusive lactation duration
on maternal weight loss, 48 there are no published studies of maternal health
outcomes in randomized trials of
breastfeeding.
No responsible scientist would say «zero»
effect of
breastfeeding on intelligence because it is impossible to measure every intellectual
outcome or do it in a randomized manner for an appropriate length of time.
Of note, our models may underestimate the true maternal costs of suboptimal
breastfeeding; we modeled the
effects of lactation
on only five maternal health conditions despite data linking lactation with other maternal health
outcomes.46 In addition, women in our model could not develop type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or MI before age 35 years, although these conditions are becoming increasingly prevalent among young adults.47 Although some studies have found an association between lactation and rates of postmenopausal diabetes22, 23 and cardiovascular disease, 10 we conservatively limited the duration of lactation's
effect on both diabetes and MI.
Another strength is that our results provide a more complete assessment of socioeconomic inequalities in
breastfeeding rates, by estimating both relative and absolute inequalities, than common practice in inequality assessments.23 Finally, our study analysed
effects of the intervention not only
on an immediate, direct
outcome (
breastfeeding) but also
on a long - term consequence of
breastfeeding (child cognitive ability) that is associated with important health and behavioural
outcomes in later life.27
Coloured icons indicate that there is evidence of a direct link between the intervention of interest and target (s); i.e. systematic reviews are available assessing the
effect of the intervention
on an
outcome directly relevant to the targets (e.g. prevalence of stunting, rate of
breastfeeding, etc.).
The main
outcome measure was the
effect of the interventions
on stopping
breastfeeding or breast milk feeding by specified points in time.
Table 3 summarizes the
effect of covariate adjustment
on estimated relationships between
breastfeeding duration and child cognitive
outcomes.
To examine whether the
effects of
breastfeeding varied for boys and girls, the analyses were extended to include tests of interactions between gender and measures of
breastfeeding in their
effects on cognitive and educational
outcomes.
Therefore, determining the unique
effects of
breastfeeding on child psychosocial
outcomes has been difficult and not always adequately done.
The
effects of
breastfeeding on children's development have important implications for both public - health policies and for the design of targeted early intervention strategies to improve the developmental
outcomes of children at risk as a result of biological (e.g., prematurity) or social adversity (e.g., poverty).
Consideration is not always given to the
effects of
breastfeeding duration or the use of combined feeding methods
on later psychosocial
outcomes.
This update of the review considered the evidence of the
effect of
breastfeeding support interventions
on primary
outcomes of stopping any or exclusive
breastfeeding before four to six weeks and at up to six months postpartum.