The Miller cycle uses a higher expansion ratio than compression ratio (i.e., over-expansion) obtained by either early or late closing of the intake valves (EIVC and LIVC, respectively), and results in a smaller
effective compression stroke; combustion and expansion proceed normally.
The Atkinson - cycle modification to Ford's in - line four - cylinder engine trades power and torque for efficiency by keeping the intake valves open slightly into the
compression stroke, allowing some of the fuel - air mixture back into the intake manifold and thereby lowering the
effective displacement of the engine.