F. C. Chen and W. H. Li, «Genomic divergences between humans and other hominoids and
the effective population size of the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees,» American Journal of Human Genetics 68 (2): 444 - 456 (February 2001).
We estimate that
the effective population size of foxes on the islands varies from approximately 150 to 1,000 individuals.
We also found that
the effective population size of village dogs was 5 — 10-fold higher than that of the boxer.
Not exact matches
However, this method entails many uncertainties, such as the extent
of ancestral polymorphisms,
effective population size, and generation time.
Today, 7.6 billion people inhabit Earth, but
population geneticists focus on the
effective population size, which is the number
of people it took to produce the genetic variation seen today.
In 2008 a federal recovery plan stated that the white abalone «was driven to such low levels during the height
of the commercial fishery that adults do not occur in high enough densities to successfully reproduce, contributing to repeated recruitment failure and an
effective population size near zero.»
«DNA sequencing procedures... allow for identification
of parentage, more distant relatives, founders to new
populations, unidentified individuals,
population structure,
effective population size,
population - specific markers, etc.» reports Haig, adding that the result is more sophisticated information crucial to setting species recovery priorities.
As a wildlife conservationist, I am very interested in understanding what makes an «
effective population size»: that fraction
of a
population that is fertile, actively reproducing, and able to produce the next generation.
Perhaps most surprising, Tyack said, scientists» knowledge about the
population size of most marine mammals «is very poor, and too weak to detect declines in time for
effective action.»
Comparison
of these sequences with present day humans suggests that Neandertals had a long term low
effective population size.
Many higher order vertebrates have low
effective population sizes resulting from reduced efficiency
of selection [10], suggesting that neutral or mildly deleterious mutations such as some transposon insertions can easily reach fixation.
In
population genetics we have our own sort
of benchmark comparisons, too, like
effective population size and comparisons to one migrant per generation.
Applying high - throughput sequencing technologies to obtain sequences from most
of the genome, we calculated that the passenger pigeon's
effective population size throughout the last million years was persistently about 1/10, 000
of the 1800's estimated number
of individuals, a ratio 1,000 - times lower than typically found.
The demographic scenario consisted
of two
populations of a given
effective population size that have diverged in the past and have subsequently exchanged genes.
Effective population sizes (Ne) in rabbits are on the order
of 106 [21].
We estimated the neutral mutation parameter (4Neμ for autosomal loci and 3Neμ for X-linked loci), where Ne is the
effective population size and μ is the mutation rate per site per generation, using two estimators: Watterson's θw [67], the proportion
of segregating sites in a sample, and π [68], the average number
of pairwise differences per sequence in a sample.
Genetic studies using samples along the distribution range
of both subspecies and based on a few dozen nuclear markers have revealed loci
of relatively high divergence (0.3 — 1.2 %) between subspecies embedded in a genome otherwise characterized by low levels
of differentiation and high levels
of bidirectional gene flow [21], [24]--[26], likely facilitated by high
effective population sizes, high dispersal, and a relatively short generation time [21], [24]--[26].
In
population genetics,
effective population size is not a direct measure
of the total number
of people that lived at a given time.
This school faces $ 451,000 in cuts which will result in class
sizes over 40 in the primary grades, loss
of many highly
effective teachers, along with drama and fine arts education, and a severe reduction in their ability to provide for the school's high special needs
population.
Lebanon School District (PA) A founding member
of the Pennsylvania Hybrid Learning Initiative, this medium -
sized district in central Pennsylvania, serving a socioeconomically diverse student
population, is implementing a hybrid learning model in Lebanon High School to personalize learning in a cost -
effective manner and demonstrate that transforming a «mainstream» school toward blended learning is possible without starting a new school or securing special waivers.
The figures are: out
of 152 breeds with annual registrations above 50 dogs, 84 (55 %) have an
effective population size (Ne)
of less than 100, and 36 (24 %) have a Ne
of less than 50.
The Kennel Club quotes the findings
of the Food & Agriculture Organisation
of the United Nations, «Breeding strategies for sustainable management
of animal genetic resources» (2010) in expressing the relationship between
effective population size and the sustainability
of breeds thus:
Effective population sizes, which are less than 50, are «considered to be at high risk
of detrimental effects
of inbreeding.»
They are
effective predators that mainly hunt small or medium -
sized vertebrates (Fitzgerald and Turner 2000), and while the density
of feral cats is directly correlated with prey abundance (Genovesi et al. 1995; Edwards et al. 2001), the
population density
of free - ranging house cats is more reflective
of human density (due to the provision
of supplementary food) than that
of their prey (Sims et al. 2008).
Conditions not relating directly to breed standards account for over 75 %
of all inherited disorders in pedigree dogs [24] and have been attributed to breed formation and small
effective population size, the repeated use
of popular sires and inbreeding.
In addition, by eliminating some animals from breeding, a reduction in the
effective population size will occur, thus risking higher levels
of inbreeding, potential founder effects and genetic bottlenecks.
Predicting the future
of mammalian
populations requires long time series
of demographic and life history parameters: for example, the short term stability
of the
effective size of our seal
population may be confirmed in the long term only when long time series
of number
of breeding females, pup mortality rate, and adult survival rate will be available.
Using the SLAC algorithm implemented in HyPhy [34], the island group had a substantially higher mean dN / dS ratio (0.40) than mainland only (0.10), suggesting a signal
of positive selection or the relaxation
of selective forces associated with a decline in
effective population size [35].
Changes to dn / ds in some
of these domestic / wild animal comparisons may be the result
of reductions in
effective population size leading to relaxation in selective forces.
In
population genetics we have our own sort
of benchmark comparisons, too, like
effective population size and comparisons to one migrant per generation.
I suggest that if we once accept the legitimacy
of population size management we will be able to institute mechanisms that are egalitarian, equitable and
effective.
Implementation intentions have been demonstrated to be an
effective tool
of behavioural change in numerous settings and behaviours, displaying medium to strong effect
sizes.98 — 100 Coping plans refer to plans that specify a critical barrier to the intended / planned behaviour and a specific strategy on how to cope with this barrier.101 A recent systematic review attests that the combination
of action planning and coping planning seems to be most
effective for behavioural change.102 Self - efficacy has also been shown to be a crucial factor in health behaviour change across different behaviours and different
populations.
I selected this district because
of its
size, diverse student
population, and an official parent involvement policy that requires that all schools establish
effective practices to engage students» families.
year Publication year, N total sample
size, #ES amount
of effect
sizes, AC child age category
of the child at the start
of the program, Design research design, PCDC parent child development centers, CB community - based, CPEP child — parent enrichment project, FGDM family group decision making, HS healthy start, PCIT parent — child interaction therapy, CBFRS community - based family resource service, PUP parents under pressure, SEEK safe environment for every kid, HF healthy families, STEP systematic training for
effective parenting, TPBP teen parents and babies program, TEEP Turkish early enrichment project, IFPS intensive family preservation services, ACT adults and children together, CBT cognitive behavioral therapy, PSBCT parent skills with behavioral couples therapy, PCTT parents and children talking together, FIRST family information, referral and support team, NFP nurse family partnership, HSYC healthy steps for young children, REACH resources, education and care in the home, PMD parents make the difference, CPC child — parent center, MST - BSF multisystemic therapy — building stronger families, PriCARE primary child — adult relationship enhancement, SSTP stepping stones Triple P, CAMP Colorado adolescent maternity program, STEEP steps toward
effective and enjoyable parenting, FGC family group conferences, MST - CAN multisystemic therapy for child abuse and neglect, PAT parent as teachers, CM case management, CPS child protective services, NS not specified, QE quasi-experimental, RCT randomized controlled trial, R risk group, GP general
population, M maltreating parents