Then, after giving a talk to the Bush - Cheney White House, he agonized about whether he should have ignored the cooling
effects of aerosols because it gave Cheney an «out,» enabling him and others to make the specious argument that aerosols somehow balance out the trillions of tons of CO2 emitted every year.
Not exact matches
The observed amount
of warming thus far has been less than this,
because part
of the excess energy is stored in the oceans (amounting to ~ 0.5 °C), and the remainder (~ 1.3 °C) has been masked by the cooling
effect of anthropogenic
aerosols.
An adjustment is necessary
because as climate models are continually evaluated against observations evidence has become emerged that the strength
of their
aerosol - cloud interactions are too strong (i.e. the models» «
aerosol indirect
effect» is larger than inferred from observations).
From the Physical Science Basis: «Shindell et al. (2009) estimated the impact
of reactive species emissions on both gaseous and
aerosol forcing species and found that ozone precursors, including methane, had an additional substantial climate
effect because they increased or decreased the rate
of oxidation
of SO2 to sulphate
aerosol.
There is very high confidence that the net 20th C
aerosol effect was a cooling — mostly
because estimates
of tropospheric sulphate
aerosols dominate the changes, and
because BC and OC changes for many sources almost balance out.
[
Of course, this experiment is faulty b / c the thermal mass of the water is acting like a hot water bottle...] Conceptually, however, you can show your students the diffusion effect associated with CO2 and H2O, that the heat will eventually work its way out of the water into its surroundings [like heat trapped in a hot rock], and that climate science is a complex endeavor because the CO2 signal is not the sole factor out there [although one of the only man - made ones — others: water, aerosols, sun, et a
Of course, this experiment is faulty b / c the thermal mass
of the water is acting like a hot water bottle...] Conceptually, however, you can show your students the diffusion effect associated with CO2 and H2O, that the heat will eventually work its way out of the water into its surroundings [like heat trapped in a hot rock], and that climate science is a complex endeavor because the CO2 signal is not the sole factor out there [although one of the only man - made ones — others: water, aerosols, sun, et a
of the water is acting like a hot water bottle...] Conceptually, however, you can show your students the diffusion
effect associated with CO2 and H2O, that the heat will eventually work its way out
of the water into its surroundings [like heat trapped in a hot rock], and that climate science is a complex endeavor because the CO2 signal is not the sole factor out there [although one of the only man - made ones — others: water, aerosols, sun, et a
of the water into its surroundings [like heat trapped in a hot rock], and that climate science is a complex endeavor
because the CO2 signal is not the sole factor out there [although one
of the only man - made ones — others: water, aerosols, sun, et a
of the only man - made ones — others: water,
aerosols, sun, et al]
... and all by itself... woops... a possible isolated, independent temperature rise
of 3 - 5 degrees C average world surface temperatures by 2100, not even including any other positive forcings,
because the forcing is already there waiting for the cancelling
aerosol cooling
effect to be removed...
In other words, if we are after a cause (or causes) for the temperature increase during the period in question, the presence or absence
of aerosols from volcanic eruptions is beside the point,
because they can not explain any increase in temperatures that occurred prior to any cooling
effect they might have had.
But aren't these way too low, since LOTI shows we are — as
of 2017 — already around 0.95 C warmer than the 1951 - 1980 average, and there is more warming «in the pipeline»
because of the time lag, and another (estimated) 0.5 C warming when the anthropogenic
aerosols dimming
effect is removed?
The picture is complicated
because different kinds
of aerosols can have different
effects: black carbon or soot has warming rather than a cooling
effect, for instance.
First, for changing just CO2 forcing (or CH4, etc, or for a non-GHE forcing, such as a change in incident solar radiation, volcanic
aerosols, etc.), there will be other GHE radiative «forcings» (feedbacks, though in the context
of measuring their radiative
effect, they can be described as having radiative forcings
of x W / m2 per change in surface T), such as water vapor feedback, LW cloud feedback, and also,
because GHE depends on the vertical temperature distribution, the lapse rate feedback (this generally refers to the tropospheric lapse rate, though changes in the position
of the tropopause and changes in the stratospheric temperature could also be considered lapse - rate feedbacks for forcing at TOA; forcing at the tropopause with stratospheric adjustment takes some
of that into account; sensitivity to forcing at the tropopause with stratospheric adjustment will generally be different from sensitivity to forcing without stratospheric adjustment and both will generally be different from forcing at TOA before stratospheric adjustment; forcing at TOA after stratospehric adjustment is identical to forcing at the tropopause after stratospheric adjustment).
From sheer thermal inertia
of the oceans, but also
because if you close down all coal power stations etc.,
aerosol pollution in the atmosphere, which has a sizeable cooling
effect, will go way down, while CO2 stays high.
The contribution
of greenhouse gases is greater than the observed warming, while the total anthropogenic contribution is thought to be around 0.7 °C
because of the cooling
effect of aerosols.
In their calculations, the direct tropo - spheric
aerosol effect does not play a large net role,
because the moderately absorbing
aerosol assumption leads to an offset between its sunlight reflecting and absorbing properties insofar as the top
of the atmosphere irradiance change is concerned.
If he means from latitude 70N (he doesn't say) at 6 %
of Earth surface that would be +0.20 w / m ** 2
of aerosol forcing which I would have thought deserved its own line
because of its contrary
effect to
aerosols elsewhere.
Not it is not similar
because one event injected sulfate
aerosols into the stratosphere where they stayed for years and affected the globe while the other («human particulates and
aerosol pollution») were produced in the troposphere and have a residency time in the atmosphere
of about 4 days and had only a regional
effect.
I write it off as a very real
effect that is not well characterized by the models, probably
because these models don't model with enough accuracy the
effect of the additional
aerosol particles on cloud production to properly account for it's full
effect on temperature.
The layer has been declining since the 1970s
because of the
effect of man - made chemicals, chiefly chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and similar gases, used mainly in refrigerants and
aerosols.
Well it's even more complex than that
because the net warming from humans doesn't just involve CO2, but other greenhouse gases and it factors in the cooling
effect of aerosols being dwarfed by the CO2 forcing.
This is
because of the warming
effect of non-CO2 greenhouse gases usually equalling or exceeding the cooling
effect of aerosols.
(PS — I don't remember my entire comment, but part
of it had to do with the fact that in dividing up attribution for the forcings responsible for post-1950 warming, uncertainties regarding anthropogenic sulfate
aerosols are not particularly important,
because their net cooling
effect wouldn't influence the percentage apportionment among the warming factors)
The second issue raised in our Science paper (now available free, see bottom
of this post) is that perhaps there shouldn't yet have been substantial long - term trends in hurricane intensity — whether we would be able detect them above the natural variability or not —
because until the last couple
of decades,
aerosol cooling
effects on hurricanes have been counteracting the
effects of greenhouse gas warming.
There is a fairly large degree
of uncertainty in these figures, primarily
because the magnitude
of the cooling
effect from human
aerosol emissions is not well known.
If the direct
effect of the
aerosol increase is considered, surface temperatures will not get as warm
because the
aerosols reflect solar radiation.
«There is nothing inherently wrong with defining
aerosol changes to be a forcing, but it is practically impossible to accurately determine the
aerosol forcing
because it depends sensitively on the geographical and altitude distribution
of aerosols,
aerosol absorption, and
aerosol cloud
effects for each
of several
aerosol compositions.
They get > 100 %
because they argue that the anthropogenic warming
effects have to overcome the
aerosol cooling (and therefore give the same net warming as the total warming since 1950), though most people count
aerosols as part
of the anthropogenic
effect, which causes the confusion.
So far, the initial
effect is still relatively small for two reasons: (i) part
of that
effect has been canceled temporarily by increases in sulfate
aerosol, and (ii) the warming has been delayed
because it takes a long time for the vast mass
of the ocean to heat up.
Karsten: So the take - home message would then be that 1) In the mid-century the NH cooled
because of anthropogenic
aerosols (especially the most polluted areas) 2) Now anthropogenic
aerosols have a larger content
of absorptive elements so directly observing this cooling in the most polluted areas is very complicated but we can nevertheless be sure that the global
effect of these
aerosols is markedly negative.
In this and other articles dealing with global warming, there is a disturbing tendency to view atmospheric
aerosols, as beneficial
because of their cooling
effect.
In any event, all
of these calcs are B S
because we don't really understand the sum total
of past / present and future
aerosol effects nor
of CO2 feedbacks nor
of the combo
of CO2 feedbacks with changing
aerosols nor
of natural low frequency climatic variation.
This is
because the net warming it reports includes the cooling
effects of aerosols which partly masks the warming caused by greenhouse gases.
Read more: Stanford University
Aerosols Also Implicated in Glacier Melting, Changing Weather Patterns Other research examining the
effects of soot on melting glaciers and changing weather pattens in South Asia has reached similar conclusions: Beyond increasing atmospheric warming,
because the soot coats the surface
of the snow and ice it changes the albedo
of the surface, allowing it to absorb more sunlight and thereby accelerating melting.
Bryan, well
aerosols and cloud albedo may be having an
effect too, but the
effects of CO2 aren't really being debated
because they are understood very well.
But mainly
because of uncertainty in the
aerosol effect, the overall net forcing is quite uncertain, but still indicated to be positive.
On one hand, the reduction in global SO2 emissions reduces the role
of sulfate
aerosols in determining future climate toward the end
of the 21st century and therefore reduces one aspect
of uncertainty about future climate change (
because the precise forcing
effect of sulfate
aerosols is highly uncertain).
Because of the too - high sensitivity they also over-predict volcanic cooling
effects, but the AR5 assumed forcings minimize that problem by halving volcanic
aerosol forcing over previously used (and in the case
of Pinatubo, observed) values.
Quantifying the net human influence on the climate is a more difficult task,
because the magnitude
of the cooling
effect from
aerosols remains highly uncertain.
If we add in the warming
effects of the other long - lived greenhouse gases, the best estimate rises to 1.22 °C surface warming caused by human emissions (we've only observed ~ 0.8 °C warming
because much
of that has been offset by human
aerosol emissions).
(By the way, for those
of you who already know about global cooling / dimming and
aerosols, I will just say for now that these
effects can not be making the blue line go down
because the IPCC considers these anthropogenic
effects, and therefore in the pink band.