Sentences with phrase «effects of aerosols in»

The largest uncertainty in that comparison comes from the estimated effects of aerosols in the atmosphere, which can variously shade Earth or warm it.

Fan went to China in 2008 for an ARM Mobile Facility field campaign studying the climatic effects of aerosols in that country's fast - changing atmosphere.

This was our lab's first attempt to incorporate the indirect effects of aerosols in a climate model.

Some models include volcanic effects by simply perturbing the incoming shortwave radiation at the top of the atmosphere, while others simulate explicitly the radiative effects of the aerosols in the stratosphere.

It seems that at least the regional effect of aerosols in S.E. - Asia is warming, not cooling... Thus any reduction there would have a cooling effect.

«The Radiative Effect of Aerosols in the Earth's Atmosphere.»

Not exact matches

Besides knowing a lot more about the transport of volcanic aerosols in the atmosphere, modern researchers had communications lines and satellites so that news of an eruption could be relayed quickly and the effects noted as they unfolded.

The effect also illustrates one proposal for so - called geoengineering — the deliberate, large - scale manipulation of the planetary environment — that would use various means to create such sulfuric acid aerosols in the stratosphere to reflect sunlight and thereby hopefully forestall catastrophic climate change.

In this paper, UCR and Forest Service researchers teamed up to explore a previously unstudied aspect of nitrogen saturation: its effect on the gases and aerosols released during burning of forest fuels from an area experiencing nitrogen saturation.

Mission leaders were relieved and eager to begin their studies of cloud and haze effects, which «constitute the largest uncertainties in our models of future climate — that's no exaggeration,» says Jens Redemann, an atmospheric scientist at NASA's Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California, and the principal investigator for ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their IntEractionS (ORACLES).

«We've shown that under clean and humid conditions, like those that exist over the ocean and some land in the tropics, tiny aerosols have a big impact on weather and climate and can intensify storms a great deal,» said Fan, an expert on the effects of pollution on storms and weather.

Several symposia have a local focus, including sessions on ecology and education in San Diego's Mission Bay Park and the causes and effects of aerosol particles in San Diego's atmosphere.

Indeed, the reduction in the emission of precursors to polluting particles (sulphur dioxide) would diminish the concealing effects of Chinese aerosols, and would speed up warming, unless this effect were to be compensated elsewhere, for instance by significantly reducing long - life greenhouse gas emissions and «black carbon.»

Forster's chapter also reports on another important uncertainty: the cooling effect of smoke and other aerosols, which some argued almost negated the warming effect of greenhouse gases in the short term.

Similar scandals erupted over the effects of scores of industrial applications, ranging from sulfur dioxide and acid rain, to certain aerosols and the hole in the ozone layer, to leaded gas and cognitive impairment, to the granddaddy of them all, fossil fuels and global climate change.

This unique orbit path will allow the CATS instrument to observe locations at different times of day and allow scientists to study day - to - night changes in cloud and aerosol effects from space.

«There is a link between the chemistry that goes on in this type of air motion and the subsequent effects on the trace gases and aerosols in the atmosphere that ultimately impact climate.»

The study also showed that the effect was much larger on a regional scale, counteracting possibly up to 30 % of warming in more rural, forested areas where anthropogenic emissions of aerosols were much lower in comparison to the natural aerosols.

Spanish and Portuguese researchers have analysed the composition and radiative effect of desert aerosols during two episodes which simultaneously affected Badajoz (Spain) and Évora (Portugal) in August 2012.

However, he says, «Aerosol effects on climate are one of the main uncertainties in climate models.

However, the expert indicates that it is important to bear in mind that the effects of each type of aerosol are different due to their «varying composition, size and properties,» she concludes.

Among the most uncertain elements in climate models are the effects of aerosols and their interactions with clouds — just the things involved in albedo modification — she says.

In the new work, published in Geophysical Research Letters late last month, researchers modified an established climate model to gauge the effects of varying aerosol amount and sizIn the new work, published in Geophysical Research Letters late last month, researchers modified an established climate model to gauge the effects of varying aerosol amount and sizin Geophysical Research Letters late last month, researchers modified an established climate model to gauge the effects of varying aerosol amount and size.

A 2013 computer simulation of this process found increased aerosols alone did result in more lightning due to ice crystal collisions, although at very large aerosol volumes the effect was muted.

The cooling effect of aerosols can partly offset global warming on a short - term basis, but many are made of organic material that comes from sources that scientists don't fully understand, said Joost de Gouw, a research physicist at NOAA's Earth System Research Laboratory in Boulder, Colo., who is unaffiliated with the studies.

But the health effects of many aerosols in smog are so great that even in the poor world, they are already cutting emissions.»

The observed amount of warming thus far has been less than this, because part of the excess energy is stored in the oceans (amounting to ~ 0.5 °C), and the remainder (~ 1.3 °C) has been masked by the cooling effect of anthropogenic aerosols.

The temperature change in any particular region will in fact be a combination of radiation - related changes (through greenhouse gases, aerosols, ozone and the like) and dynamical effects.

My main problem with that study is that the weather models don't use any forcings at all — no changes in ozone, CO2, volcanos, aerosols, solar etc. — and so while some of the effects of the forcings might be captured (since the weather models assimilate satellite data etc.), there is no reason to think that they get all of the signal — particularly for near surface effects (tropospheric ozone for instance).

Now if this was the 1980s they might have had a point, but the fact that aerosols are an important climate forcing, have a net cooling effect on climate and, in part, arise from the same industrial activities that produce greenhouse gases, has been part of mainstream science for 30 years.

I guess I am surprised that with better understanding of the importance of water vapor feedback, sulfate aerosols, black carbon aerosols, more rapid than expected declines in sea ice and attendant decreases in albedo, effects of the deposition of soot and dust on snow and ice decreasing albedo, and a recognition of the importance of GHGs that were probably not considered 30 years ago, that the sensitivity has changed so little over time.

Sally, who was nominated by Dr. Beat Schmid, Associate Director, Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, was honored for her exceptional contribution in the field of atmospheric science, particularly in her efforts to improve understanding of the radiative effect of clouds and aerosols on the Earth's atmosphere and their representation in climate models.

The net effect of human - generated aerosols is more complicated and regionally variable — for example, in contrast to the local warming effect of the Asian Brown Cloud, global shipping produces large amounts of cooling reflective sulphate aerosols: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/08/990820022710.htm

For sulphate aerosols, current models probably overestimate their influence, as there is no measurable effect of the large (over 60 %) reduction in SO2 emissions in Europe at the places where the largest influence should be visible, according to the models.

One of the major parameters was the safety of these agents in the respiratory airways and lung parenchyma, since several of these agents are known to cause adverse effects.23 The main adverse effects observed were cough, transient fever and transient decrease in the respiratory functions after the aerosol administration.8, 19, 20 Moreover; it has been observed that excessive deposition of these agents in one site of the respiratory system can induce non-specific side effects in the form of pulmonary edema as observed with many other drugs.16 These side effects were milder when a premedication with bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids were administered.8, 19, 20 Until now no long term trial (> 9 months) has been performed since all patients included in previous studies had stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Fascinatingly, the book from the mid-70s said that there was one climate scientist — Wally Broecker - who predicted that the greenhouse warming was on the verge of overtaking the aerosol cooling effects and that by the year 2000 the planet would be warmer than it had been in 1000 years.

The cooling effect from this aerosol forcing is thought to be about half that of greenhouse gases, but in the opposing (cooling) direction.

A satellite that was launched in 2011 was to be the first to make accurate measurements of this global aerosol effect, but it crashed into the ocean shortly after lift off.

That's far from the worst flaw in his calculation, since his two biggest blunders are the neglect of the radiative cooling due to sulfate aerosols (known to be a critical factor in the period in question) and his neglect of the many links in the chain of physical effects needed to translate a top of atmosphere radiative imbalance to a change in net surface energy flux imbalance.

The top priorities should be reducing uncertainties in climate sensitivity, getting a better understanding of the effect of climate change on atmospheric circulation (critical for understanding of regional climate change, changes in extremes) and reducing uncertainties in radiative forcing — particularly those associated with aerosols.

Paraphrasing the text in the post, aerosols that are input into the atmosphere, due to their spatial heterogeneity, also cause regions of heating or cooling that the atmosphere can respond to by changing its circulation — and that might have further climate effects in places far away from where the aerosols are input.

Only a few estimates account for uncertainty in forcings other than from aerosols (e.g., Gregory et al., 2002a; Knutti et al., 2002, 2003); some other studies perform some sensitivity testing to assess the effect of forcing uncertainty not accounted for, for example, in natural forcing (e.g., Forest et al., 2006; see Table 9.1 for an overview).

The total of -0.7 W / m ^ 2 is the same as the best observational (satellite) total aerosol adjusted forcing estimate given in the leaked Second Order Draft of AR5 WG1, which includes cloud lifetime (2nd indirect) and other effects.

Spatial distributions and seasonal cycles of aerosol climate effects in India seen in a global climate - aerosol model.

In addressing the question of the effects of greenhouse gases on Atlantic tropical storms, it might clarify (and even partially defuse) the controversy to lump internal variability together with other forced responses (particularly aerosols), rather than to focus on internal variability vs the total forced response.

Earth's measured energy imbalance has been used to infer the climate forcing by aerosols, with two independent analyses yielding a forcing in the past decade of about − 1.5 W / m2 [64], [72], including the direct aerosol forcing and indirect effects via induced cloud changes.

The effects of aerosol injections are at least somewhat known, since volcanic eruptions produce aerosols naturally and have produced cooling in the past.

Scenes allude to the band's gloomy inclinations, bass - driven melodies and innovative use of audio effects (one band member uses an aerosol spray can to form a beat), but the story of Joy Division is an afterthought in the movie, replaced instead by a much more routine study of depression and the effects of sudden success and touring on a marriage.

In addition, since the global surface temperature records are a measure that responds to albedo changes (volcanic aerosols, cloud cover, land use, snow and ice cover) solar output, and differences in partition of various forcings into the oceans / atmosphere / land / cryosphere, teasing out just the effect of CO2 + water vapor over the short term is difficult to impossiblIn addition, since the global surface temperature records are a measure that responds to albedo changes (volcanic aerosols, cloud cover, land use, snow and ice cover) solar output, and differences in partition of various forcings into the oceans / atmosphere / land / cryosphere, teasing out just the effect of CO2 + water vapor over the short term is difficult to impossiblin partition of various forcings into the oceans / atmosphere / land / cryosphere, teasing out just the effect of CO2 + water vapor over the short term is difficult to impossible.

You can, of course, argue that other factors were at work in the early 20th century warming phase, but if you want to argue that the mid-century cooling was largely due to the neutralizing effect of industrial aerosol pollutants, then you can not, as did Rodgers, claim that any part of that earlier warmup was due to the burning of fossil fuels.