This is important as over-arousal may lead to oppositionality and avoidance, which may decrease the impact of parental teaching and explain the poor positive
effects of spanking.
It also appears that
the effects of spanking children depend on parenting style.
As parents and professionals hear more and more, from mainstream media especially, about the ever - mounting research of the negative
effects of spanking, timeouts and other punishments — more parents will be willing to go through the hard work of addressing their often generations - deep perspectives on what it means to have a healthy relationship and to change their hearts toward parenting.
And
the effects of spanking may depend — in part — on culture.
The research is unequivocal in showing the long - term negative
effects of spanking and hitting children.
Even if we ignore the many negative long - term
effects of spanking, it simply makes no sense to rely on a method of discipline that will only work for a few short years.
Further efforts to identify moderators of
the effects of spanking on children's adjustment are necessary.
Other preventive effects and harmful
effects of spanking may occur depending on the child and the family context.
As research continues to reveal the detrimental
effects of spanking, public opinion will begin to shift and our laws will naturally follow suit.
Did you know that there is less evidence linking lead exposure to developmental delays in children and asbestos to cancer than there is of the short and long - term detrimental
effects of spanking?
In the above - mentioned study conducted by Elizabeth Gershoff, she found that situational factors, namely parental relationship, mitigated the negative
effects of spanking.
The proposition that
the effects of spankings are limited to the context in which they were administered makes both results understandable.
Not exact matches
Spanking had almost no disciplinary
effect on me, but made me afraid
of my parents and sneakier.»
Lastly, we dive into the controversial subject
of spanking: the pros, cons and long term
effects on children.
A new study
of more than 2,500 toddlers from low - income families found that
spanking may have detrimental
effects on behavior and mental development.
The Globe article quoted Dr. Murray Straus, a sociologist at the University
of New Hampshire who studies the
effects of corporal punishment on kids, as saying that people think that
spanking will work when nothing else does.
Although these
effects were somewhat small, the study is just the latest
of many supporting psychologists» advice against
spanking.
(Some parents,
of course, choose to
spank, but many experts, including the American Academy
of Pediatrics, do not support
spanking and point to research showing the negative
effects of corporal punishment, especially when parents hit kids in anger.)
Even in the face
of study after study detailing the detrimental
effects of physical punishment on young children, more than ninety - percent
of American parents still admit to
spanking their toddlers and preschoolers, even if they don't believe that it is a good alternative.
52 The American Academy
of Pediatrics cautions that «corporal punishment is
of limited effectiveness and has potentially deleterious side
effects,» and «recommends that parents be encouraged and assisted in the development
of methods other than
spanking for managing undesired behavior.»
When Jennifer Lansford and her colleagues tracked a group
of children for more than a decade, they found links between
spanking and aggressive behavior problems, but the
effect depended on how long parents used
spanking as a disciplinary tactic.
In terms
of age and gender, studies have shown that older parents are less likely to use corporal punishment; and mothers
spank more often than fathers although this may be an
effect of the greater amount
of time that mothers spend with children (Straus and Donnelly, 1994; Socolar and Stein, 1995).
In latter studies, Strauss et al, (1997) suggested that some
of the potential harmful
effects of frequent and severe
spankings include subsequent antisocial behavior
of children (Straus et al, 1997).
Although the exact measures differed, the absolute difference in the proportions
of parents who reported ever slapping in the face or
spanking with an object (overall: 4 %; randomization: 2 %; quasi-experimental: 6 %) was consistent with the 7 % difference in the proportions
of parents who reported
spanking their child in the past week in the Early Head Start evaluation.31 The HS
effect is noticeable, given the overall lower reports
of corporal punishment (14 % in the HS control group, compared with 54 % in the Early Head Start control group).
Although the use
of negative discipline strategies was low, we believe that reductions in yelling in anger, threatening, slapping in the face, and
spanking with an object are meaningful given the associations
of early discipline strategies with later socioemotional development, mental health, and parent - child relationships.30 These treatment
effects were observed in families who participated in a universal intervention broadly focused on development and behavior.
Toward a developmental - contextual model
of the
effects of parental
spanking on children's aggression.
The results indicated that
effect sizes significantly favored conditional
spanking over 10
of 13 alternative disciplinary tactics for reducing child noncompliance or antisocial behavior.
Toward a developmental — contextual model
of the
effects of parental
spanking on children's aggression