Sentences with phrase «effects of the family income»

Interestingly, Kingston found that even though women who received support from friends and family had fewer depressive symptoms, such relationships did not counter the effects of family income and financial strain.

For instance, to identify the effect of family income, researchers need an experiment in which some families are arbitrarily given an income shock (as in the Income Maintenance Experiments of 1968 through 1979).

From a community health and public policy perspective, about half of the effect of family income on children's cognitive ability is the home environment.46 Thus, interventions to improve cognitive development in low - income children must focus on the parents» mental health and their ability to provide the children with adequate learning opportunities.

A handful of child outcome studies have attempted to distinguish the effect of family income from the effects of other aspects of family life, such as parental education, that may differ between poor and non-poor families.2 - 3, 8, 11 - 13 Overall, statistical controls for correlated aspects of family socioeconomic status produce either very small or no significant net associations between family income and children's behavioural problems.

This article assesses whether the effects of the family income supplement persist into adulthood, controlling for past and current risk and protective factors, including poverty.

Despite decades of research describing the harmful effects of family poverty on children's emotional and behavioral development, eg,12 - 17 experimental or quasi-experimental manipulations of family income that could go beyond description are rare18 and tend to examine the effect of such manipulations on physical health or academic attainment, rather than emotional or behavioral functioning.19, 20 Other analyses of the Great Smoky Mountains data set have focused on educational and criminal outcomes.21 The few studies looking at emotional or behavioral outcomes tend to have a short time frame.22, 23 Some studies of school - based interventions have followed up with children through to adulthood, 24,25 but we have found none that have looked at the long - term effects of family income supplementation on adult psychological functioning.

While most studies carried out in this area of research tend to find that income has an independent effect even when potential mediators have been adjusted for, 35,37,44 others have managed to fully «explain'the direct effect of family income.24 Nevertheless, it is important to bear in mind that the identification of pathways through which parental income affects children's intellectual development is not to prove income unimportant.

Not exact matches

The study released Thursday by parliamentary budget officer Jean - Denis Frechette found that close to 33,000 families could pay more taxes because of the income - sprinkling rule that came into effect Jan. 1.

The child care «cliff effect,» as it's called, is a serious problem for low - income working families, says Jennifer Greenfield, a professor of social work at the University of Denver.

From an economic policy perspective, pre-tax income is the measure of the economic effect of additional family income on gross domestic product, or GDP.

They earn higher incomes, but there may be a disruption of family life, neglect of children, trauma effects on them etc..

• Revising how subsidies are allotted to producers, and how different practices are taxed across the value chain; • Influence the evolution of production standards so that they guide producers toward increasingly sustainable practices; • Refining public education regarding what are best practices of production systems (and accounting for them), and how to make them more widespread; • Studying the effects different practices and production systems have on society - wide challenges such as public health (and health insurance, whether it is publicly or privately provided), climate change mitigation, job creation and family income, etc..

In order to get a sense of the parenting effect, we conduct the same exercise as the one for family income, but controlling first simply for a measure of parenting.

A new study of more than 2,500 toddlers from low - income families found that spanking may have detrimental effects on behavior and mental development.

On the other hand, advanced maternal age is associated with a more stable family environment, higher socio - economic position, higher income and better living conditions, as well as better parenting practices, [14] but it is more or less uncertain whether these entities are effects of advanced maternal age, are contributors to advanced maternal age, or common effects of a certain state such as personality type.

Although some of the enthusiasm for home visiting has waned in the past decades as reports of some large randomized trials have failed to demonstrate program effects, evidence from other programs targeted for families at risk (eg, low - income families) has shown enough promise to build on program development momentum.

You can see the negative effects of gentrification in traditionally working class areas of London such as Hackney, where the demolition of estates to make way for new private housing complexes has led to some local residents on low incomes being relocated by the council to other parts of the country, away from their families and support networks.

As a placement and career services developer at PathStone, a not - for - profit organization providing services to low - income families and economically depressed communities, Dionne Jacques sees the crippling effects of poverty in Rochester every day.

Tuition assistance, which goes into effect this fall, would apply students in families with household incomes of no more than $ 100,000 a year.

An increase in the child element of the child tax credit by a further # 30 in 2011 - 12 and # 50 in 2012 - 13 above inflation will ensure low income families with children would be protected from the «adverse effect from these essential savings», he said.

A number of interventions at the individual, family, health care provider and community levels that could be useful in helping to ameliorate the negative effects of stress on low - income and minority populations and potentially address some of the health disparities are identified in the report.

People with higher family incomes ($ 75,000 or more) are more inclined than those with lower family incomes to see high health benefits and low risk of side effects from the MMR vaccine.

«We could wipe out all of the negative effects of these genotypes if we raised a family's income level to the point where these genotypes could be positive — around $ 50,000,» Rauscher said.

Overall, studies in the field indicate that children from low - income families tend to show the most gains from social emotional learning interventions, but results for other groups of students are more mixed, although a number of studies show positive effects.

Evidence on the achievement effects of desegregation by income is limited by both an absence of detailed information on family income (including indicators for severe poverty or high income) and the difficulty in separating the effects of students» own circumstances from the influences of peers.

Because prior research has shown that children from low - income families may be more sensitive to changes in school quality than children from more - advantaged backgrounds, we also separately examine the effects of spending on low - income and nonpoor children.

The positive impacts on reading achievement observed for voucher users therefore reflect the incremental effect of adding private school choice through the OSP to the existing schooling options for low - income D.C. families.

Investigating the causal effect of school spending increases generated by the passage of SFRs, we conclude that increasing per - pupil spending yields large improvements in educational attainment, wages, and family income, and reductions in the annual incidence of adult poverty for children from low - income families.

While we find only small effects for children from nonpoor families, for low - income children, a 10 percent increase in per - pupil spending each year for all 12 years of public school is associated with roughly 0.5 additional years of completed education, 9.6 percent higher wages, and a 6.1 - percentage - point reduction in the annual incidence of adult poverty.

However, it can have the effect of reducing access to quality schools for low - income families.

Because teachers were considering intangible factors, even when race, gender, family income, and academic achievement are the same, there was no way to isolate the effect of being held back, much less to make reasonable conclusions about the effects of retention on a student's academic achievement or the probability of his dropping out of high school.

«We found that the effect of quality child care on fifth grade reading and math achievement varies by family income.

The makeup of a classroom - its average family income, the number of children with disabilities, its racial and gender balance - can also create peer effects.

In effect, value - added assessment «controls for» the influence of family income, ethnicity, and other circumstances on students» initial level of achievement.

Specifically, this lesson is for teaching the different costs of inflation and in particular looking at the effects of inflation on different income families, wages and savings.

She said: «I can't say definitely based on my research but we do know that teacher expectation and assessments can have a longterm effect on pupil progress, because it can affect their interaction, in terms of the groups they are put in... If you are an average - scoring boy from a lower income family, or an average - scoring girl in maths, and you are placed in a lower set then that is going to potentially depress your longterm trajectory.»

For example, some of the best research has focused on «family income» as a predictor of education success, but Susan Mayer, a University of Chicago sociologist, has shown that unexpected changes in family income by themselves have little effect on a child's educational performance.

For her postdoctoral work, Epps has studied approximately 750 children, aged 6 — 18, whose parents participated in the New Hope Project, an antipoverty experiment in Milwaukee that tested the effects of work supports for low - income families.

As a first test for nonrandom selection of students into or out of particular schools and cohorts of students, we examined whether peer family violence appears to have an effect on cohort size or student characteristics such as race, gender, and income.

«A happy side effect of this is that when you build schools that are rigorous enough to close the international achievement gap, they are attractive to middle - class families as well as low - income families.»

Consider the effects of race, family income, disability, and immigration status on post-secondary

Nonetheless, our results indicate that private school competition, brought about by the creation of scholarships for students from low - income families, is likely to have positive effects on the performance of traditional public schools.

Bucarey uses this data to predict how large such an effect might be when gratuidad is fully phased in to cover all students regardless of family income.

Indeed, I've argued just that based on the pressing need of working families for that service, their inability to afford it, and the positive effects on all members of low - income families of having extra income.

In addition to our main experiment testing the ECO-C Intervention's effects on our target group of high - achieving, low - income students, we also used the same approach to study its effects on students who meet the same test - score criteria but who have estimated family income above the bottom one - third or attended a feeder high school.

To see this effect, consider that families in the second income group had a median EFC of $ 3,059 in 1995 - 96, after adjusting for inflation.

They are employing WGBH to create a 10 - 12 minute video that tells the story of the book, including both the disturbing effects of increased family income inequality on the quality of education provided to children from low - income families, and the evidence on strategies to improve educational opportunities for low - income children.

In another paper, Bulman and Hoxby use a regression - discontinuity design to estimate the effects of the tuition tax deduction for families around the maximum income cutoff for eligibility.

Separating out the independent effects of family education and family income is also difficult.

We next adjust the data for the effects of gender, age, birth weight, the age at which the mother had her first child, and participation in the WIC program (a supplemental food program for women, infants and children restricted to low - income families).