As behaviorally modern Homo sapiens spread out of Africa more than 50 000 years ago, their advanced hunter - gatherer societies helped to cause the extinction of more than half of Earth's mammalian megafauna, yielding trophic cascading
effects on ecosystems coupled with the direct effects of landscape burning to enhance hunting and foraging success.
• The
effects of management strategies
on climate,
ecosystem services, and the resilience of
ecosystems to climate change; field experiments and models designed to learn about
coupled human - and environmental systems and to test different management interventions • The valuation of
ecosystem services, including the economic or other costs associated with impacts of climate and other environmental changes • Adaptive approaches and institutional and governance mechanisms for addressing the regulatory aspects of special status species management