Sentences with phrase «electron density in»

In particular, photoelectron spectroscopy with extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation is a powerful method to probe the electron density in a valence shell of a molecular system.

In connection with violent solar eruptions, large variations occur in electron density in the ionosphere over Greenland, which interferes with GPH navigation signals as well as flight and satellite communication.

«This interferes with the electron densities in the bilayer system, which gives you a different photoluminescence.»

«The main effect of ring rain is that it acts to «quench» the ionosphere of Saturn, severely reducing the electron densities in regions in which it falls.»

Not exact matches

Generation of Superponderomotive Electrons in Multipicosecond Interactions of Kilojoule Laser Beams with Solid - Density Plasmas

In the simplest setup, the size of the current reveals the density of electrons in the surface, allowing it to be mapped ouIn the simplest setup, the size of the current reveals the density of electrons in the surface, allowing it to be mapped ouin the surface, allowing it to be mapped out.

Scientists have worked out the spatial distribution of electron and positron density in Ps as given by the solution of the Schroedinger equation.

The electron density there is about four times the average density of the conduction electrons in copper wire.

Instead of a selection of facial features, the «Identikit» library contains «fuzzy fragments» — electron density maps of common subgroups in biological molecules, such as individual amino acids, or functionally important components such as chlorine atoms and methyl groups.

Thus, if one considers the energy density in a sound field capable of producing sonoluminescence, one finds it to be quite small — on the order of 10 - 11 electron volt per molecule.

The key lies not in individual reactions between neutrinos and electrons, but in the way the vast numbers of neutrinos affect wave - like fluctuations in the density of electrons in the plasma, known as «plasma waves».

Diagnostics techniques for fusion plasma research are applied to this achievement and make it possible to diagnose electron density using an interferometer, which in the past had been difficult due to influences from the atmosphere.

The rate of electrons passing through the tip - in other words, the current - is a measure of the density of electrons in the tiny region of the sample directly below it.

By being able to measure electron density with high accuracy in atmospheric pressure low - temperature plasma, it is no longer necessary to rely solely upon experience and trial and error.

They then added a layer of graphene in order to apply an electric voltage with which the density of electrons in the material could be controlled.

But in the case of atmospheric pressure low - density plasma, due to the influences of changes in the atmospheric pressure in a plasma as well as around the plasma, it was difficult to accurately measure electron density.

The carbohydrate moiety associated with this residue, which is recognizable in the cryo - EM electron density, may function as an attachment site of the virus to host cells.

Unlike the other electrons in the material, which move about freely, the density wave is a periodic, fixed electron phase that seems to compete with and hinder the superconducting phase.

Further, by being able to precisely measure electron density, it will now be possible to clarify through computer simulation the important behaviors of active ion species that play important roles in their interaction with living organisms and materials hazardous to the environment.

«Unraveling the complex, intertwined electron phases in a superconductor: Scientists may have discovered a link between key components of the «electron density wave» state and the pseudogap phase in a high - temperature superconductor.»

On the other hand, in magnetic field confinement fusion plasma intended for a fusion reactor, which research is being conducted at the National Institute for Fusion Science, development of high precision electron density measurements is becoming an important research topic.

«This is the first time an experiment has directly linked the disappearance of the density waves and their associated nanoscale crystal distortions with the emergence of universally free - flowing electrons needed for unrestricted superconductivity,» said lead author J.C. Séamus Davis, a senior physicist and Director of DOE's Center for Emergent Superconductivity at Brookhaven Lab and also a professor at both Cornell University and the St. Andrews University in Scotland.

Solar activity usually tends to increase the rate of ionization in the atmosphere and thus the density of free electrons in the ionosphere or to move electrons to the polar caps.

«This is the first direct observation that these two phenomena are linked: The density waves with their associated nanoscale distortions disappear and the electrons in the material change their personality suddenly at a well - defined material composition,» Billinge said.

It happens just south of an area with strong increases in electron density, called patches,» said Professor Per Høeg from DTU Space.

In particular, if the wire were cooled to very close to absolute zero, -273 °C, electrons would pack together so closely that if one electron moved it would reduce the density of electrons locally.

To restore the density, the other electrons would rearrange themselves and the net result would be a Luttinger liquid in which the electrons would appear to be connected.

Their signature can be detected in the upper atmosphere as either fluctuations in air pressure or as electron density disruptions.

Electrons traveling through such a narrow path — racing along in what are called charge - density waves — can be easily reversed by virtually any obstacle.

Further probing the effects of removing BAI1 via electron microscopy, Smith and his co-workers found that the post-synaptic density is thinner in mutant neurons.

It is an electron density that is one to two orders higher in magnitude than what could be achieved in 3 - D bulk materials, the researchers said.

Plasmonic interferometers make use of the interaction between light and surface plasmon polaritons, density waves created when light energy rattles free electrons in a metal.

As a result, we clarified that the influence of the ion mass appeared remarkably in a high - density plasma and that the detailed physical mechanism in which turbulence is suppressed through an effect caused by electron - ion collisions.

The relatively high density of plasma in the cloud prevents the formation of electromagnetic waves that would otherwise accelerate electrons to high speeds, turning them into a form of radiation.

As the electron density outside the quantum point contact is increased, the material becomes superconducting and the transmission of Cooper pairs — the particles that comprise a superconducting current — through the constriction was also studied in this work.

In the large negative hydrogen ion source at NIFS, various types of diagnostics are available for measuring negative hydrogen ion density, electron density, and other quantities.

«By modelling experimental synchrotron data and comparing it with density functional theory calculations, we revealed surprising information about the nature of the electron sharing between layers in these materials.»

The combination of the high electron density and potent electron interactions are not seen in other materials and the quantum regime enforced by the tight passageway, might here be engendering some new kind of electron transport.

Now, scientists from the research group of Nir Bar - Gill at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem's Racah Institute of Physics and Department of Applied Physics, in cooperation with Prof. Eyal Buks of the Technion — Israel Institute of Technology, have shown that ultra-high densities of NV centers can be obtained by a simple process of using electron beams to kick carbon atoms out of the lattice.

«Normally in a metal like silver or copper or gold, the density of electrons in that metal is fixed; it's just a property of the material,» Atwater says.

By adjusting various parameters — such as the density of conduction electrons in the material or the strength of the DC electric field — it is possible to tune the cutoff wavenumber and, consequently, the frequency of the resulting terahertz radiation.

Inside its three - story metal sphere researchers can interpret and interact with their data in new and intriguing ways, including watching electrons spin from inside an atom or «flying» through an MRI scan of a patient's brain as blood density levels play as music.

«It was very satisfying to see such high resolution electron densities by the second day of our experiment, but to then also see such strong signals from the changes in the structure was even more exciting,»

Proton density after laser impact on a spherical solid density target: irradiated by an ultra-short, high intensity laser (not in picture) the intense electro - magnetic field rips electrons apart from their ions and creates a plasma.

A neutral oxygen vacancy, a place where an oxygen atom should appear in the lattice but is instead replaced by two electrons, is represented by the yellow shape, which depicts the charge density of those electrons.

Because of the huge mass / density difference of the two materials, this pairing provides maximum contrast in the electron microscope and delineation was easily distinguishable between the particle core and shell.

The first is the FIELDS experiment which will examine the different fields in the corona, including the Sun's magnetic field, electric fields, waves, plasma density, electron temperature, density fluctuations and radio emissions.

The combined electron and ion heating altered the gradient, or spatial rate of change in the plasma density.

A partial list would include the Patterson function, isomorphous replacement, and anomalous scattering, which enabled the determination of organic structures; direct (i.e., purely computational) methods of phase determination, which enabled small - molecule crystallography to be almost totally automated; synchrotron radiation and area detectors, which together made it possible to collect data on macromolecular structures in hours instead of months; and automatic interpretation of electron density maps.

In cuprate superconductors, another state blocks and interacts with superconductivity: the charge - density - wave, in which the electrons assume a static pattern, different from the pattern that the material's crystal structure defineIn cuprate superconductors, another state blocks and interacts with superconductivity: the charge - density - wave, in which the electrons assume a static pattern, different from the pattern that the material's crystal structure definein which the electrons assume a static pattern, different from the pattern that the material's crystal structure defines.