Sentences with phrase «electron volt»

This process of transferring electrons is known as doping and induced a giant Stark effect, which tuned the band gap allowing the valence and conductive bands to move closer together, effectively lowering the band gap and drastically altering it to a value between 0.0 ~ 0.6 electron Volt (eV) from its original intrinsic value of 0.35 eV.

«Previous work on topological insulators revealed superconductivity at only a few Kelvin with a gap of about one milli - electron volt,» Fedorov says.

Astrophysicists put the upper limit of the mass of the neutrino at 0.28 electron volt, based on the distribution of galaxies according to the 3 - D Mega Z map.

JT - 60U, a large Japanese tokamak, has already achieved triple products of 1.3 x 1024 electron volt - seconds per cubic meter.

A triple - product value of 7 x 1024 electron volt - seconds per cubic meter is required for an ignited, deuterium - tritium reactor.

But unlike atoms, where the quantum energy levels (denoting how much energy is needed to liberate the electron from its atomic binding) are in the electron volt (eV) range, Efimof states are typified by quantum energies of billionths of an eV or less.

We also enter international collaborations, including one with the University of Wuppertal in Germany, looking into the possibility of using million electron volt (MeV) proton beams to detect and diagnose deeply buried active regions in semiconductor devices.

About half of the resistance was caused by the gap, which introduced a large barrier, about 1 electron volt (1eV), to the electrons trying to move between layers.

By using as sources supersonic jets of hydrogen or helium containing small concentrations of heavier molecules we have been able to obtain molecular beams with kinetic energies of the heavy molecules well into the range above I electron volt.

Still, data from the two main Tevatron detectors suggest that there are more particle «events» in the 115 billion to 135 billion electron volt range than one would expect if the Higgs did not exist, Fermilab scientists reported at an in - house seminar.

Thus, if one considers the energy density in a sound field capable of producing sonoluminescence, one finds it to be quite small — on the order of 10 - 11 electron volt per molecule.

Because these electromagnetic emissions are on the order of an electron volt, and they probably come from a single molecule, or atom, or electron, we can now say that the energy concentration is now on the order of one electron volt per molecule — an increase of a factor of 1011 or so.

«Energies on the order of an electron volt are typical on an atomic basis and correspond to an effective temperature on the order of 10,000 kelvins.

Several years ago, an experiment at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, US, turned up evidence of what appeared to be a sterile neutrino with a mass of about 1 electron volt.

The electron volt may seem a crazy unit, but we shall see later why it is a convenient one.

For comparison: The maximum permissible X-ray voltage for the inspection of food is 10 MeV (mega electron volt) = 10,000 keV (kilo electron volt) Sesotec RAYCON systems operate with max.

Soft X-ray scattering using FEL radiation for probing near - solid density plasmas at few electron volt temperatures

They always arrive at Earth with a specific maximum energy of 10 electron volts.

Each carries a huge amount of energy, from about a billion electron volts for a gamma ray to 100 billion billion electron volts for some cosmic rays.

After all, particle accelerator searches over the last two decades had narrowed the range of possible masses for the Higgs; if it existed at all, it had to weigh in at between 114 billion and 143 billion electron volts or GeV (1 GeV is slightly more than the mass of a hydrogen atom).

By the way on March 19th, the LHC broke its own record by creating beams of protons at an energy level of 3.5 trillion electron volts.

Contact between electrons and positrons produces gamma rays characteristically having an energy of 511,000 electron volts.

For comparison, an electron has a much larger mass of half a million electron volts.)

That fact suggests that the particles must be more massive than about 0.3 billion electron volts — about a third the mass of a proton — the researchers calculate.

The ions from Earth fell into the same range as the oxygen ions the team found on the moon: about 1,000 electron volts.

The Higgs itself has mass, and going by exclusion, researchers from the LHC and from its predecessor particle colliders were able narrow down the range of its value to between 115 and 140 giga — electron volts, or GeV.

For a monopole with twice the minimum charge, Rajantie and Gould determined that magnetic monopoles must be more massive than about 10 billion electron volts, going by data from collisions of lead nuclei in the Super Proton Synchrotron, a smaller accelerator at CERN.

Magnetic monopoles might be produced there as protons slam together at record - high energies of 13 trillion electron volts.

And some of those iron atoms would thereupon fluoresce, emitting X-rays of their own — not over the whole band this time but at a single precise line in the energy spectrum: 6.4 kilo - electron volts, which is the energy an electron loses when it falls from one shell in an iron atom to a lower one.

Because the iron atoms in MCG -6-30-15 are moving, astronomers don't see the line right at 6.4 kilo - electron volts.

An international team analyzed about 12 years of data to show that particles with energies above 8 billion billion electron volts generally come from a particular direction in the sky, and it's not the galaxy's center.

The only easily recognizable thing on their Figure 1 is the little spike at the summit of the spectrum: That's the iron line, right where it should be, at around 6.4 kilo - electron volts.

But in standard solar cell materials this requires that incoming photons have at least 5 electron volts worth of energy, which corresponds to photons of deep ultraviolet light (UV).

Each number in parentheses indicates the mass of the particle in millions of electron volts.

But if they are within 100,000 times or so the mass of normal neutrinos — or a few thousand electron volts — most should still exist, with some occasionally decaying into lighter neutrinos and X-ray photons.

They've seen nothing definitive, but physicists are now reporting a new candidate: a peak in x-ray emission at an energy of 3.5 thousand electron volts (keV).

This material, in which carbon substitutes for some of the lattice oxygen atoms, absorbs light at wavelengths below 535 nanometers and has a lower band - gap energy than rutile (2.32 versus 3.00 electron volts).

Because a proton or a neutron is on the order of a million times smaller than an atom, nuclear fission and fusion typically require energies on the order of millions of electron volts (MeV).

At the LHC, a proton will reach an energy of roughly seven tera - electron volts (TeV).

Where a traditional accelerator can take kilometers to drive an electron to 50 giga - electron volts (GeV), Leemans and team showed that a mini-laser plasma accelerator could get electrons to 1 GeV in just three centimeters with a laser pulse of about 40 terawatt.

Various lines of evidence, including observations from NASA's Fermi Gamma - ray Space Telescope, support the idea that shock waves from the expanding debris of stars that exploded as supernovas accelerate cosmic rays up to energies of 1,000 trillion electron volts (PeV).

Researchers at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Illinois have squeezed out the last drop of analysis on their own data — and concluded that the Higgs, if it exists, should have a mass between 115 and 135 billion electron volts.

The open - circuit voltage of 1.24 volts at a band gap of 1.63 electron volts leads to a loss in potential of 0.39 volts, versus 0.4 volts for commercial silicon cells.

A proton has a mass of around 1 billion electron volts.

A Type III civilization would be able to manipulate the Planck energy (1019 billion electron volts), the energy at which space - time becomes foamy and unstable, frothing with tiny wormholes and bubble - size universes.

The magnets will bend particles along a circular path as they accelerate to 99.999999 percent the speed of light and attain energies approaching 14 trillion electron volts, trillions of times more powerful than the energy released by dynamite.

This huge machine, more than five miles in diameter, is capable of blasting protons together with a colossal energy of 14 trillion electron volts; it will be able to probe distances 1/10, 000 the size of a proton, perhaps creating a zoo of exotic particles not seen since the Big Bang.

Physicists are already attempting to build tabletop - size laser - driven accelerators that, in principle, could attain billions of electron volts.

So far, scientists have used powerful laser beams to attain an acceleration of 200 billion electron volts per meter, a new record.

One of the most powerful energy - generating devices currently available to scientists is the Large Hadron Collider, which, when it becomes operational in 2007, will be able to generate 14 trillion electron volts.