They help keep deer and
elk populations in check, which can benefit many other plant and animal species.
State officials have been concerned wolves are having a detrimental effect
on elk populations pursued by sport hunters.
After spending five years trying to find the one thing that could explain the
declining elk populations, Middleton has concluded that there isn't one — there are many: Trout fishermen, bears, wolves, fish, climate change and factors yet unfound collectively shoulder the weight of that loss.
Researchers feared that the reintroduction of wolves to the area more than a decade ago was stressing out pregnant mothers, causing them to lose their babies and contributing to a
declining elk population.
«Once the wolves were gone,
the elk population exploded and they grazed their way across the landscape killing young brush and trees.
Idaho wants to control the burgeoning wolves because the animals, though ranked as an endangered species, may have begun to make a dent in
the elk population within the Frank and also in some of the cattle herds outside.
The same year that Creel published his study, Middleton, then a Ph.D. student at the University of Wyoming, was put in charge of an ambitious research project to investigate more directly the effects of wolves on
the elk population.
The elk population in Yellowstone is at the mercy of a much larger, human - altered ecosystem.
To effectively manage wolf and
elk populations, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Wyoming Game and Fish Department needed more, reliable data.
That added stress, some suggested, could also cause female elk to have fewer successful pregnancies, which would account for
the elk population's dropping numbers.
For example just a small number of sea otters can determine urchin numbers, or a few grey wolves determine the size of bison, deer or
elk populations.
Wolves are a top predator - they keep the large herbivorous undulate populations in check, this in turn regulates the regrowth of tree saplings, which are otherwise overbrowsed by an unnaturally large deer and
elk population.
«Deer and
elk populations are thriving in this region.
For the first several years post-reintroduction,
the elk population had remained stable.